- 
- 
- Bouncing loader
-Creates a bouncing loader animation.
-HTML
<div class="bouncing-loader">
- <div></div>
- <div></div>
- <div></div>
-</div>
-CSS
@keyframes bouncing-loader {
- to {
- opacity: 0.1;
- transform: translate3d(0, -1rem, 0);
- }
-}
-.bouncing-loader {
- display: flex;
- justify-content: center;
-}
-.bouncing-loader > div {
- width: 1rem;
- height: 1rem;
- margin: 3rem 0.2rem;
- background: #8385aa;
- border-radius: 50%;
- animation: bouncing-loader 0.6s infinite alternate;
-}
-.bouncing-loader > div:nth-child(2) {
- animation-delay: 0.2s;
-}
-.bouncing-loader > div:nth-child(3) {
- animation-delay: 0.4s;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-Note: 1rem is usually 16px.
-
-
-
-
-@keyframesdefines an animation that has two states, where the element changesopacityand is translated up on the 2D plane usingtransform: translate3d(). Using a single axis translation ontransform: translate3d()improves the performance of the animation.
- -
-
-.bouncing-loaderis the parent container of the bouncing circles and usesdisplay: flex- andjustify-content: centerto position them in the center.
- -
-
-.bouncing-loader > div, targets the three childdivs of the parent to be styled. Thedivs are given a width and height of1rem, usingborder-radius: 50%to turn them from squares to circles.
- -
-
-margin: 3rem 0.2remspecifies that each circle has a top/bottom margin of3remand left/right margin - of0.2remso that they do not directly touch each other, giving them some breathing room.
- -
-
-animationis a shorthand property for the various animation properties:animation-name,animation-duration,animation-iteration-count,animation-directionare used.
- -
-
-nth-child(n)targets the element which is the nth child of its parent.
- -
-
-animation-delayis used on the second and thirddivrespectively, so that each element does not start the animation at the same time.
-
Browser support
-Box-sizing reset
-Resets the box-model so that widths and heights are not affected by their borders or padding.
HTML
<div class="box">border-box</div>
-<div class="box content-box">content-box</div>
-CSS
html {
- box-sizing: border-box;
-}
-*,
-*::before,
-*::after {
- box-sizing: inherit;
-}
-.box {
- display: inline-block;
- width: 150px;
- height: 150px;
- padding: 10px;
- background: tomato;
- color: white;
- border: 10px solid red;
-}
-.content-box {
- box-sizing: content-box;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
box-sizing: border-boxmakes the addition ofpaddingorborders not affect an element'swidthorheight.
- box-sizing: inheritmakes an element respect its parent'sbox-sizingrule.
-
Browser support
-Button border animation
-Creates a border animation on hover.
-HTML
<div class="button-border"><button class="button">Submit</button></div>
-CSS
.button {
- background-color: #c47135;
- border: none;
- color: #ffffff;
- outline: none;
- padding: 12px 40px 10px;
- position: relative;
-}
-.button:before,
-.button:after {
- border: 0 solid transparent;
- transition: all 0.25s;
- content: '';
- height: 24px;
- position: absolute;
- width: 24px;
-}
-.button:before {
- border-top: 2px solid #c47135;
- left: 0px;
- top: -5px;
-}
-.button:after {
- border-bottom: 2px solid #c47135;
- bottom: -5px;
- right: 0px;
-}
-.button:hover {
- background-color: #c47135;
-}
-.button:hover:before,
-.button:hover:after {
- height: 100%;
- width: 100%;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-Use the :before and :after pseduo-elements as borders that animate on hover.
Browser support
-Calc()
-The function calc() allows to define CSS values with the use of mathematical expressions, the value adopted for the property is the result of a mathematical expression.
-HTML
<div class="box-example"></div>
-CSS
.box-example {
- height: 280px;
- background: #222 url('https://image.ibb.co/fUL9nS/wolf.png') no-repeat;
- background-position: calc(100% - 20px) calc(100% - 20px);
-}
-Demo
-If you want to align a background-image from right and bottom wasn't possible with just straight length values. - So now it's possible using calc():
-Explanation
--
-
- It allows addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. -
- Can use different units (pixel and percent together, for example) for each value in your expression. -
- It is permitted to nest calc() functions. -
- It can be used in any property that
<length>,<frequency>,<angle>,<time>,<number>,<color>, or<integer>is allowed, like width, height, font-size, top, left, etc.
-
Browser support
-Circle
-Creates a circle shape with pure CSS.
-HTML
<div class="circle"></div>
-CSS
.circle {
- border-radius: 50%;
- width: 2rem;
- height: 2rem;
- background: #333;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-border-radius: 50% curves the borders of an element to create a circle.
Since a circle has the same radius at any given point, the width and height must be the same. Differing
- values will create an ellipse.
Browser support
-Clearfix
-Ensures that an element self-clears its children.
-Note: This is only useful if you are still using float to build layouts. Please consider using a modern approach with flexbox layout or grid layout.
-HTML
<div class="clearfix">
- <div class="floated">float a</div>
- <div class="floated">float b</div>
- <div class="floated">float c</div>
-</div>
-CSS
.clearfix::after {
- content: '';
- display: block;
- clear: both;
-}
-.floated {
- float: left;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
.clearfix::afterdefines a pseudo-element.
- content: ''allows the pseudo-element to affect layout.
- clear: bothindicates that the left, right or both sides of the element cannot be adjacent - to earlier floated elements within the same block formatting context.
-
Browser support
-⚠️ For this snippet to work properly you need to ensure that there are no non-floating children in the container and that there are no tall floats before the clearfixed container but in the same formatting context (e.g. floated columns).
- - -Constant width to height ratio
-Given an element of variable width, it will ensure its height remains proportionate in a responsive fashion - (i.e., its width to height ratio remains constant).
-HTML
<div class="constant-width-to-height-ratio"></div>
-CSS
.constant-width-to-height-ratio {
- background: #333;
- width: 50%;
-}
-.constant-width-to-height-ratio::before {
- content: '';
- padding-top: 100%;
- float: left;
-}
-.constant-width-to-height-ratio::after {
- content: '';
- display: block;
- clear: both;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-padding-top on the ::before pseudo-element causes the height of the element to equal a percentage of
- its width. 100% therefore means the element's height will always be 100% of the width, creating a responsive
- square.
This method also allows content to be placed inside the element normally.
-Browser support
-Counter
-Counters are, in essence, variables maintained by CSS whose values may be incremented by CSS rules to track how many times they're used.
-HTML
<ul>
- <li>List item</li>
- <li>List item</li>
- <li>
- List item
- <ul>
- <li>List item</li>
- <li>List item</li>
- <li>List item</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
-</ul>
-CSS
ul {
- counter-reset: counter;
-}
-li::before {
- counter-increment: counter;
- content: counters(counter, '.') ' ';
-}
-Demo
--
-
- List item -
- List item -
-
- List item
-
-
-
- List item -
- List item -
- List item -
-
Explanation
-You can create a ordered list using any type of HTML.
--
-
-
-
-counter-resetInitializes a counter, the value is the name of the counter. By default, the counter starts at 0. This property can also be used to change its value to any specific number.
- -
-
-counter-incrementUsed in element that will be countable. Oncecounter-resetinitialized, a counter's value can be increased or decreased.
- -
-
-counter(name, style)Displays the value of a section counter. Generally used in acontentproperty. This function can receive two parameters, the first as the name of the counter and the second one can bedecimalorupper-roman(decimalby default).
- -
-
-counters(counter, string, style)Displays the value of a section counter. Generally used in acontentproperty. This function can receive three parameters, the first as the name of the counter, the second one you can include a string which comes after the counter and the third one can bedecimalorupper-roman(decimalby default).
- -
-
A CSS counter can be especially useful for making outlined lists, because a new instance of the counter is automatically created in child elements. Using the
-counters()function, separating text can be inserted between different levels of nested counters.
-
Browser support
-Custom scrollbar
-Customizes the scrollbar style for the document and elements with scrollable overflow, on WebKit platforms.
-HTML
<div class="custom-scrollbar">
- <p>
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.<br />
- Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
- molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
- Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit?
- </p>
-</div>
-CSS
.custom-scrollbar {
- height: 70px;
- overflow-y: scroll;
-}
-/* To style the document scrollbar, remove `.custom-scrollbar` */
-.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar {
- width: 8px;
-}
-.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
- box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
- border-radius: 10px;
-}
-.custom-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
- border-radius: 10px;
- box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
::-webkit-scrollbartargets the whole scrollbar element.
- ::-webkit-scrollbar-tracktargets only the scrollbar track.
- ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumbtargets the scrollbar thumb.
-
There are many other pseudo-elements that you can use to style scrollbars. For more info, visit the WebKit Blog.
-Browser support
-⚠️ Scrollbar styling doesn't appear to be on any standards track.
- - - -Custom text selection
-Changes the styling of text selection.
-HTML
<p class="custom-text-selection">Select some of this text.</p>
-CSS
::selection {
- background: aquamarine;
- color: black;
-}
-.custom-text-selection::selection {
- background: deeppink;
- color: white;
-}
-Demo
-Select some of this text.
-Explanation
-::selection defines a pseudo selector on an element to style text within it when selected. Note that if you don't combine any other selector your style will be applied at document root level, to any selectable element.
Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefixes for full support and is not actually -in any specification.
- - - -Custom variables
-CSS variables that contain specific values to be reused throughout a document.
-HTML
<p class="custom-variables">CSS is awesome!</p>
-CSS
:root {
- /* Place variables within here to use the variables globally. */
-}
-.custom-variables {
- --some-color: #da7800;
- --some-keyword: italic;
- --some-size: 1.25em;
- --some-complex-value: 1px 1px 2px whitesmoke, 0 0 1em slategray, 0 0 0.2em slategray;
- color: var(--some-color);
- font-size: var(--some-size);
- font-style: var(--some-keyword);
- text-shadow: var(--some-complex-value);
-}
-Demo
-CSS is awesome!
-Explanation
-The variables are defined globally within the :root CSS pseudo-class which matches the root element of a tree representing the document. Variables can also be scoped to a selector if defined within the block.
Declare a variable with --variable-name:.
Reuse variables throughout the document using the var(--variable-name) function.
Browser support
-Disable selection
-Makes the content unselectable.
-HTML
<p>You can select me.</p>
-<p class="unselectable">You can't select me!</p>
-CSS
.unselectable {
- user-select: none;
-}
-Demo
-You can select me.
-You can't select me!
-Explanation
-user-select: none specifies that the text cannot be selected.
Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefixes for full support.
-
- ⚠️ This is not a secure method to prevent users from copying content.
Display table centering
-Vertically and horizontally centers a child element within its parent element using display: table (as an alternative to flexbox).
HTML
<div class="container">
- <div class="center"><span>Centered content</span></div>
-</div>
-CSS
.container {
- border: 1px solid #333;
- height: 250px;
- width: 250px;
-}
-.center {
- display: table;
- height: 100%;
- width: 100%;
-}
-.center > span {
- display: table-cell;
- text-align: center;
- vertical-align: middle;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
display: tableon '.center' allows the element to behave like a<table>HTML element.
- - 100% height and width on '.center' allows the element to fill the available space within its parent element. -
display: table-cellon '.center > span' allows the element to behave like an HTML element.
- text-align: centeron '.center > span' centers the child element horizontally.
- vertical-align: middleon '.center > span' centers the child element vertically.
-
The outer parent ('.container' in this case) must have a fixed height and width.
-Browser support
-Donut spinner
-Creates a donut spinner that can be used to indicate the loading of content.
-HTML
<div class="donut"></div>
-CSS
@keyframes donut-spin {
- 0% {
- transform: rotate(0deg);
- }
- 100% {
- transform: rotate(360deg);
- }
-}
-.donut {
- display: inline-block;
- border: 4px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
- border-left-color: #7983ff;
- border-radius: 50%;
- width: 30px;
- height: 30px;
- animation: donut-spin 1.2s linear infinite;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-Use a semi-transparent border for the whole element, except one side that will
- serve as the loading indicator for the donut. Use animation to rotate the element.
Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefixes for full support.
- - - -Dynamic shadow
-Creates a shadow similar to box-shadow but based on the colors of the element itself.
HTML
<div class="dynamic-shadow"></div>
-CSS
.dynamic-shadow {
- position: relative;
- width: 10rem;
- height: 10rem;
- background: linear-gradient(75deg, #6d78ff, #00ffb8);
- z-index: 1;
-}
-.dynamic-shadow::after {
- content: '';
- width: 100%;
- height: 100%;
- position: absolute;
- background: inherit;
- top: 0.5rem;
- filter: blur(0.4rem);
- opacity: 0.7;
- z-index: -1;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
position: relativeon the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for psuedo-elements.
- z-index: 1establishes a new stacking context.
- ::afterdefines a pseudo-element.
- position: absolutetakes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.
- width: 100%andheight: 100%sizes the pseudo-element to fill its parent's dimensions, making it equal in size.
- background: inheritcauses the pseudo-element to inherit the linear gradient specified on the element.
- top: 0.5remoffsets the pseudo-element down slightly from its parent.
- filter: blur(0.4rem)will blur the pseudo-element to create the appearance of a shadow underneath.
- opacity: 0.7makes the pseudo-element partially transparent.
- z-index: -1positions the pseudo-element behind the parent but in front of the background.
-
Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefixes for full support.
- - - -Easing variables
-Variables that can be reused for transition-timing-function properties, more
- powerful than the built-in ease, ease-in, ease-out and ease-in-out.
HTML
<div class="easing-variables">Hover</div>
-CSS
:root {
- /* Place variables in here to use globally */
-}
-.easing-variables {
- --ease-in-quad: cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.085, 0.68, 0.53);
- --ease-in-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.55, 0.055, 0.675, 0.19);
- --ease-in-quart: cubic-bezier(0.895, 0.03, 0.685, 0.22);
- --ease-in-quint: cubic-bezier(0.755, 0.05, 0.855, 0.06);
- --ease-in-expo: cubic-bezier(0.95, 0.05, 0.795, 0.035);
- --ease-in-circ: cubic-bezier(0.6, 0.04, 0.98, 0.335);
- --ease-out-quad: cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.46, 0.45, 0.94);
- --ease-out-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.215, 0.61, 0.355, 1);
- --ease-out-quart: cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1);
- --ease-out-quint: cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);
- --ease-out-expo: cubic-bezier(0.19, 1, 0.22, 1);
- --ease-out-circ: cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1);
- --ease-in-out-quad: cubic-bezier(0.455, 0.03, 0.515, 0.955);
- --ease-in-out-cubic: cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);
- --ease-in-out-quart: cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);
- --ease-in-out-quint: cubic-bezier(0.86, 0, 0.07, 1);
- --ease-in-out-expo: cubic-bezier(1, 0, 0, 1);
- --ease-in-out-circ: cubic-bezier(0.785, 0.135, 0.15, 0.86);
- display: inline-block;
- width: 75px;
- height: 75px;
- padding: 10px;
- color: white;
- line-height: 50px;
- text-align: center;
- background: #333;
- transition: transform 1s var(--ease-out-quart);
-}
-.easing-variables:hover {
- transform: rotate(45deg);
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-The variables are defined globally within the :root CSS pseudo-class which matches the root element of a tree representing the document. In HTML, :root represents the <html> element and is identical to the selector html, except that its specificity is higher.
Browser support
-Etched text
-Creates an effect where text appears to be "etched" or engraved into the background.
-HTML
<p class="etched-text">I appear etched into the background.</p>
-CSS
.etched-text {
- text-shadow: 0 2px white;
- font-size: 1.5rem;
- font-weight: bold;
- color: #b8bec5;
-}
-Demo
-I appear etched into the background.
-Explanation
-text-shadow: 0 2px white creates a white shadow offset 0px horizontally and 2px vertically
- from the origin position.
The background must be darker than the shadow for the effect to work.
-The text color should be slightly faded to make it look like it's engraved/carved out - of the background.
-Browser support
-Evenly distributed children
-Evenly distributes child elements within a parent element.
-HTML
<div class="evenly-distributed-children">
- <p>Item1</p>
- <p>Item2</p>
- <p>Item3</p>
-</div>
-CSS
.evenly-distributed-children {
- display: flex;
- justify-content: space-between;
-}
-Demo
-Item1
-Item2
-Item3
-Explanation
--
-
display: flexenables flexbox.
- justify-content: space-betweenevenly distributes child elements horizontally. The first item is positioned at the left edge, while the last item is positioned at the right edge.
-
Alternatively, use justify-content: space-around to distribute the children with space around them, rather than between them.
Browser support
-⚠️ Needs prefixes for full support.
- - - -Fit image in container
-Changes the fit and position of an image within its container while preserving its aspect ratio. Previously only possible using a background image and the background-size property.
HTML
<img class="image image-contain" src="https://picsum.photos/600/200" />
-<img class="image image-cover" src="https://picsum.photos/600/200" />
-CSS
.image {
- background: #34495e;
- border: 1px solid #34495e;
- width: 200px;
- height: 200px;
-}
-.image-contain {
- object-fit: contain;
- object-position: center;
-}
-.image-cover {
- object-fit: cover;
- object-position: right top;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
object-fit: containfits the entire image within the container while preserving its aspect ratio.
- object-fit: coverfills the container with the image while preserving its aspect ratio.
- object-position: [x] [y]positions the image within the container.
-
Browser support
-Flexbox centering
-Horizontally and vertically centers a child element within a parent element using flexbox.
HTML
<div class="flexbox-centering"><div class="child">Centered content.</div></div>
-CSS
.flexbox-centering {
- display: flex;
- justify-content: center;
- align-items: center;
- height: 100px;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
display: flexenables flexbox.
- justify-content: centercenters the child horizontally.
- align-items: centercenters the child vertically.
-
Browser support
-⚠️ Needs prefixes for full support.
- - - -Focus Within
-Changes the appearance of a form if any of its children are focused.
-HTML
<div class="focus-within">
- <form>
- <label for="given_name">Given Name:</label> <input id="given_name" type="text" /> <br />
- <label for="family_name">Family Name:</label> <input id="family_name" type="text" />
- </form>
-</div>
-CSS
form {
- border: 3px solid #2d98da;
- color: #000000;
- padding: 4px;
-}
-form:focus-within {
- background: #f7b731;
- color: #000000;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-The psuedo class :focus-within applies styles to a parent element if any child element gets focused. For example, an input element inside a form element.
Browser support
-⚠️ Not supported in IE11 or the current version of Edge.
- - - - - -Fullscreen
-The :fullscreen CSS pseudo-class represents an element that's displayed when the browser is in fullscreen mode.
-HTML
<div class="container">
- <p><em>Click the button below to enter the element into fullscreen mode. </em></p>
- <div class="element" id="element"><p>I change color in fullscreen mode!</p></div>
- <br />
- <button onclick="var el = document.getElementById('element'); el.requestFullscreen();">
- Go Full Screen!
- </button>
-</div>
-CSS
.container {
- margin: 40px auto;
- max-width: 700px;
-}
-.element {
- padding: 20px;
- height: 300px;
- width: 100%;
- background-color: skyblue;
-}
-.element p {
- text-align: center;
- color: white;
- font-size: 3em;
-}
-.element:-ms-fullscreen p {
- visibility: visible;
-}
-.element:fullscreen {
- background-color: #e4708a;
- width: 100vw;
- height: 100vh;
-}
-Demo
-Click the button below to enter the element into fullscreen mode.
-I change color in fullscreen mode!
-- -
Explanation
--
-
fullscreenCSS pseudo-class selector is used to select and style an element that is being displayed in fullscreen mode.
-
Browser support
-Ghost trick
-Vertically centers an element in another.
-HTML
<div class="ghost-trick">
- <div class="ghosting"><p>Vertically centered without changing the position property.</p></div>
-</div>
-CSS
.ghosting {
- height: 300px;
- background: #0ff;
-}
-.ghosting:before {
- content: '';
- display: inline-block;
- height: 100%;
- vertical-align: middle;
-}
-p {
- display: inline-block;
- vertical-align: middle;
-}
-Demo
-Vertically centered without changing the position property.
-Explanation
-Use the style of a :before pseudo-element to vertically align inline elements without changing their position property.
Browser support
-Gradient text
-Gives text a gradient color.
-HTML
<p class="gradient-text">Gradient text</p>
-CSS
.gradient-text {
- background: -webkit-linear-gradient(pink, red);
- -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
- -webkit-background-clip: text;
-}
-Demo
-Gradient text
-Explanation
--
-
background: -webkit-linear-gradient(...)gives the text element a gradient background.
- webkit-text-fill-color: transparentfills the text with a transparent color.
- webkit-background-clip: textclips the background with the text, filling the text with - the gradient background as the color.
-
Browser support
-⚠️ Uses non-standard properties.
- - - -Grid centering
-Horizontally and vertically centers a child element within a parent element using grid.
HTML
<div class="grid-centering"><div class="child">Centered content.</div></div>
-CSS
.grid-centering {
- display: grid;
- justify-content: center;
- align-items: center;
- height: 100px;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
display: gridenables grid.
- justify-content: centercenters the child horizontally.
- align-items: centercenters the child vertically.
-
Browser support
-Hairline border
-Gives an element a border equal to 1 native device pixel in width, which can look - very sharp and crisp.
-HTML
<div class="hairline-border">text</div>
-CSS
.hairline-border {
- box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px;
-}
-@media (min-resolution: 2dppx) {
- .hairline-border {
- box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.5px;
- }
-}
-@media (min-resolution: 3dppx) {
- .hairline-border {
- box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.33333333px;
- }
-}
-@media (min-resolution: 4dppx) {
- .hairline-border {
- box-shadow: 0 0 0 0.25px;
- }
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
box-shadow, when only using spread, adds a pseudo-border which can use subpixels*.
- - Use
@media (min-resolution: ...)to check the device pixel ratio (1dppxequals 96 DPI), - setting the spread of thebox-shadowequal to1 / dppx.
-
Browser Support
-⚠️ Needs alternate syntax and JavaScript user agent checking for full support.
- --
*Chrome does not support subpixel values on border. Safari does not support subpixel values on box-shadow. Firefox supports subpixel values on both.
Height transition
-Transitions an element's height from 0 to auto when its height is unknown.
HTML
<div class="trigger">
- Hover me to see a height transition.
- <div class="el">content</div>
-</div>
-CSS
.el {
- transition: max-height 0.5s;
- overflow: hidden;
- max-height: 0;
-}
-.trigger:hover > .el {
- max-height: var(--max-height);
-}
-JavaScript
var el = document.querySelector('.el')
-var height = el.scrollHeight
-el.style.setProperty('--max-height', height + 'px')
-Demo
-Explanation
-CSS
--
-
transition: max-height: 0.5s cubic-bezier(...)specifies that changes tomax-heightshould be transitioned over 0.5 seconds, using anease-out-quinttiming function.
- overflow: hiddenprevents the contents of the hidden element from overflowing its container.
- max-height: 0specifies that the element has no height initially.
- .target:hover > .elspecifies that when the parent is hovered over, target a child.elwithin - it and use the--max-heightvariable which was defined by JavaScript.
-
JavaScript
--
-
el.scrollHeightis the height of the element including overflow, which will change dynamically - based on the content of the element.
- el.style.setProperty(...)sets the--max-heightCSS variable which is used to specify themax-heightof the element the target is hovered over, allowing it to transition smoothly from 0 to auto.
-
Browser Support
-Hover shadow box animation
-Creates a shadow box around the text when it is hovered.
-HTML
<p class="hover-shadow-box-animation">Box it!</p>
-CSS
.hover-shadow-box-animation {
- display: inline-block;
- vertical-align: middle;
- transform: perspective(1px) translateZ(0);
- box-shadow: 0 0 1px transparent;
- margin: 10px;
- transition-duration: 0.3s;
- transition-property: box-shadow, transform;
-}
-.hover-shadow-box-animation:hover,
-.hover-shadow-box-animation:focus,
-.hover-shadow-box-animation:active {
- box-shadow: 1px 10px 10px -10px rgba(0, 0, 24, 0.5);
- transform: scale(1.2);
-}
-Demo
-Box it!
-Explanation
--
-
display: inline-blockto set width and length forpelement thus making it aninline-block.
- - Set
transform: perspective(1px)to give element a 3D space by affecting the distance between the Z plane and the user andtranslate(0)to reposition thepelement along z-axis in 3D space.
- box-shadow:to set up the box.
- transparentto make box transparent.
- transition-propertyto enable transitions for bothbox-shadowandtransform.
- :hoverto activate whole css when hovering is done untilactive.
- transform: scale(1.2)to change the scale, magnifying the text.
-
Browser Support
-Hover underline animation
-Creates an animated underline effect when the text is hovered over.
-Credit: https://flatuicolors.com/
-HTML
<p class="hover-underline-animation">Hover this text to see the effect!</p>
-CSS
.hover-underline-animation {
- display: inline-block;
- position: relative;
- color: #0087ca;
-}
-.hover-underline-animation::after {
- content: '';
- position: absolute;
- width: 100%;
- transform: scaleX(0);
- height: 2px;
- bottom: 0;
- left: 0;
- background-color: #0087ca;
- transform-origin: bottom right;
- transition: transform 0.25s ease-out;
-}
-.hover-underline-animation:hover::after {
- transform: scaleX(1);
- transform-origin: bottom left;
-}
-Demo
-Hover this text to see the effect!
-Explanation
--
-
display: inline-blockmakes the blockpaninline-blockto prevent the underline from - spanning the entire parent width rather than just the content (text).
- position: relativeon the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo-elements.
- ::afterdefines a pseudo-element.
- position: absolutetakes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.
- width: 100%ensures the pseudo-element spans the entire width of the text block.
- transform: scaleX(0)initially scales the pseudo element to 0 so it has no width and is not visible.
- bottom: 0andleft: 0position it to the bottom left of the block.
- transition: transform 0.25s ease-outmeans changes totransformwill be transitioned over 0.25 seconds - with anease-outtiming function.
- transform-origin: bottom rightmeans the transform anchor point is positioned at the bottom right of the block.
- :hover::afterthen usesscaleX(1)to transition the width to 100%, then changes thetransform-origin- tobottom leftso that the anchor point is reversed, allowing it transition out in the other direction when - hovered off.
-
Browser support
-Last item with remaining available height
-Take advantage of available viewport space by giving the last element the remaining available space in current viewport, even when resizing the window.
-HTML
<div class="container">
- <div>Div 1</div>
- <div>Div 2</div>
- <div>Div 3</div>
-</div>
-CSS
html,
-body {
- height: 100%;
- margin: 0;
-}
-.container {
- height: 100%;
- display: flex;
- flex-direction: column;
-}
-.container > div:last-child {
- background-color: tomato;
- flex: 1;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
height: 100%set the height of container as viewport height.
- display: flexenables flexbox.
- flex-direction: columnset the direction of flex items' order from top to down.
- flex-grow: 1the flexbox will apply remaining available space of container to last child element.
-
The parent must have a viewport height. flex-grow: 1 could be applied to the first or second element, which will have all available space.
Browser support
-⚠️ Needs prefixes for full support.
- - - - - -Mouse cursor gradient tracking
-A hover effect where the gradient follows the mouse cursor.
-Credit: Tobias Reich
-HTML
<button class="mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking"><span>Hover me</span></button>
-CSS
.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking {
- position: relative;
- background: #7983ff;
- padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
- font-size: 1.2rem;
- border: none;
- color: white;
- cursor: pointer;
- outline: none;
- overflow: hidden;
-}
-.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking span {
- position: relative;
-}
-.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking::before {
- --size: 0;
- content: '';
- position: absolute;
- left: var(--x);
- top: var(--y);
- width: var(--size);
- height: var(--size);
- background: radial-gradient(circle closest-side, pink, transparent);
- transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
- transition: width 0.2s ease, height 0.2s ease;
-}
-.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking:hover::before {
- --size: 200px;
-}
-JavaScript
var btn = document.querySelector('.mouse-cursor-gradient-tracking')
-btn.onmousemove = function(e) {
- var x = e.pageX - btn.offsetLeft - btn.offsetParent.offsetLeft
- var y = e.pageY - btn.offsetTop - btn.offsetParent.offsetTop
- btn.style.setProperty('--x', x + 'px')
- btn.style.setProperty('--y', y + 'px')
-}
-Demo
- - - -Explanation
-TODO
-Browser support
-:not selector
-The :not psuedo selector is useful for styling a group of elements, while leaving the last (or specified) element unstyled.
HTML
<ul class="css-not-selector-shortcut">
- <li>One</li>
- <li>Two</li>
- <li>Three</li>
- <li>Four</li>
-</ul>
-CSS
.css-not-selector-shortcut {
- display: flex;
-}
-ul {
- padding-left: 0;
-}
-li {
- list-style-type: none;
- margin: 0;
- padding: 0 0.75rem;
-}
-li:not(:last-child) {
- border-right: 2px solid #d2d5e4;
-}
-Demo
--
-
- One -
- Two -
- Three -
- Four -
Explanation
-li:not(:last-child) specifies that the styles should apply to all li elements except
- the :last-child.
Browser support
-Offscreen
-A bulletproof way to completely hide an element visually and positionally in the DOM while still allowing it to be accessed by JavaScript and readable by screen readers. This method is very useful for accessibility (ADA) development when more context is needed for visually-impaired users. As an alternative to display: none which is not readable by screen readers or visibility: hidden which takes up physical space in the DOM.
HTML
<a class="button" href="http://pantswebsite.com">
- Learn More <span class="offscreen"> about pants</span>
-</a>
-CSS
.offscreen {
- border: 0;
- clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
- height: 1px;
- margin: -1px;
- overflow: hidden;
- padding: 0;
- position: absolute;
- width: 1px;
-}
-Demo
- - -Explanation
--
-
- Remove all borders. -
- Use
clipto indicate that no part of the element should be shown.
- - Make the height and width of the element 1px. -
- Negate the elements height and width using
margin: -1px.
- - Hide the element's overflow. -
- Remove all padding. -
- Position the element absolutely so that it does not take up space in the DOM. -
Browser support
-(Although clip technically has been depreciated, the newer clip-path currently has very limited browser support.)
Overflow scroll gradient
-Adds a fading gradient to an overflowing element to better indicate there is more content to be scrolled.
-HTML
<div class="overflow-scroll-gradient">
- <div class="overflow-scroll-gradient__scroller">
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. <br />
- Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
- molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
- Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit? <br />
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.<br />
- Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae, <br />
- molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. <br />
- Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit?
- </div>
-</div>
-CSS
.overflow-scroll-gradient {
- position: relative;
-}
-.overflow-scroll-gradient::after {
- content: '';
- position: absolute;
- bottom: 0;
- width: 240px;
- height: 25px;
- background: linear-gradient(
- rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.001),
- white
- ); /* transparent keyword is broken in Safari */
- pointer-events: none;
-}
-.overflow-scroll-gradient__scroller {
- overflow-y: scroll;
- background: white;
- width: 240px;
- height: 200px;
- padding: 15px;
- line-height: 1.2;
-}
-Demo
-- Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae,
- molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi.
- Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit?
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.
- Iure id exercitationem nulla qui repellat laborum vitae,
- molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi.
- Quisquam enim qui iure, consequatur velit sit? -
Explanation
--
-
position: relativeon the parent establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo-elements.
- ::afterdefines a pseudo element.
- background-image: linear-gradient(...)adds a linear gradient that fades from transparent to white - (top to bottom).
- position: absolutetakes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.
- width: 240pxmatches the size of the scrolling element (which is a child of the parent that has - the pseudo element).
- height: 25pxis the height of the fading gradient pseudo-element, which should be kept relatively small.
- bottom: 0positions the pseudo-element at the bottom of the parent.
- pointer-events: nonespecifies that the pseudo-element cannot be a target of mouse events, allowing text behind it to still be selectable/interactive.
-
Browser support
-Popout menu
-Reveals an interactive popout menu on hover and focus.
-HTML
<div class="reference" tabindex="0"><div class="popout-menu">Popout menu</div></div>
-CSS
.reference {
- position: relative;
- background: tomato;
- width: 100px;
- height: 100px;
-}
-.popout-menu {
- position: absolute;
- visibility: hidden;
- left: 100%;
- background: #333;
- color: white;
- padding: 15px;
-}
-.reference:hover > .popout-menu,
-.reference:focus > .popout-menu,
-.reference:focus-within > .popout-menu {
- visibility: visible;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
position: relativeon the reference parent establishes a Cartesian positioning context for its child.
- position: absolutetakes the popout menu out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.
- left: 100%moves the the popout menu 100% of its parent's width from the left.
- visibility: hiddenhides the popout menu initially and allows for transitions (unlikedisplay: none).
- .reference:hover > .popout-menumeans that when.referenceis hovered over, select immediate children with a class of.popout-menuand change theirvisibilitytovisible, which shows the popout.
- .reference:focus > .popout-menumeans that when.referenceis focused, the popout would be shown.
- .reference:focus-within > .popout-menuensures that the popout is shown when the focus is within the reference.
-
Browser support
-Pretty text underline
-A nicer alternative to text-decoration: underline or <u></u> where descenders do not clip the underline.
- Natively implemented as text-decoration-skip-ink: auto but it has less control over the underline.
HTML
<p class="pretty-text-underline">Pretty text underline without clipping descending letters.</p>
-CSS
.pretty-text-underline {
- display: inline;
- text-shadow: 1px 1px #f5f6f9, -1px 1px #f5f6f9, -1px -1px #f5f6f9, 1px -1px #f5f6f9;
- background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, currentColor 100%, transparent 100%);
- background-position: bottom;
- background-repeat: no-repeat;
- background-size: 100% 1px;
-}
-.pretty-text-underline::-moz-selection {
- background-color: rgba(0, 150, 255, 0.3);
- text-shadow: none;
-}
-.pretty-text-underline::selection {
- background-color: rgba(0, 150, 255, 0.3);
- text-shadow: none;
-}
-Demo
-Pretty text underline without clipping descending letters.
-Explanation
--
-
text-shadowuses 4 values with offsets that cover a 4x4 px area to ensure the underline - has a "thick" shadow that covers the line where descenders clip it. Use a color - that matches the background. For a larger font, use a largerpxsize. Additional values - can create an even thicker shadow, and subpixel values can also be used.
- background-image: linear-gradient(...)creates a 90deg gradient using the - text color (currentColor).
- - The
background-*properties size the gradient as 100% of the width of the block and 1px - in height at the bottom and disables repetition, which creates a 1px underline beneath - the text.
- - The
::selectionpseudo selector rule ensures the text shadow does not interfere with text - selection.
-
Browser support
-Reset all styles
-Resets all styles to default values with one property. This will not affect direction and unicode-bidi properties.
HTML
<div class="reset-all-styles">
- <h5>Title</h5>
- <p>
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Iure id exercitationem nulla qui
- repellat laborum vitae, molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. Quisquam enim qui
- iure, consequatur velit sit?
- </p>
-</div>
-CSS
.reset-all-styles {
- all: initial;
-}
-Demo
-Title
-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Iure id exercitationem nulla qui - repellat laborum vitae, molestias tempora velit natus. Quas, assumenda nisi. Quisquam enim qui - iure, consequatur velit sit? -
-Explanation
-The all property allows you to reset all styles (inherited or not) to default values.
Browser support
-⚠️ MS Edge status is under consideration.
- - - -Shape separator
-Uses an SVG shape to separate two different blocks to create more a interesting visual appearance compared to standard horizontal separation.
-HTML
<div class="shape-separator"></div>
-CSS
.shape-separator {
- position: relative;
- height: 48px;
- background: #333;
-}
-.shape-separator::after {
- content: '';
- background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 12'%3E%3Cpath d='m12 0l12 12h-24z' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
- position: absolute;
- width: 100%;
- height: 12px;
- bottom: 0;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
position: relativeon the element establishes a Cartesian positioning context for pseudo elements.
- ::afterdefines a pseudo element.
- background-image: url(...)adds the SVG shape (a 24x12 triangle) as the background image of the pseudo element, which repeats by default. It must be the same color as the block that is being separated. For other shapes, we can use the URL-encoder for SVG.
- position: absolutetakes the pseudo element out of the flow of the document and positions it in relation to the parent.
- width: 100%ensures the element stretches the entire width of its parent.
- height: 12pxis the same height as the shape.
- bottom: 0positions the pseudo element at the bottom of the parent.
-
Browser support
-Sibling fade
-Fades out the siblings of a hovered item.
-HTML
<div class="sibling-fade">
- <span>Item 1</span> <span>Item 2</span> <span>Item 3</span> <span>Item 4</span>
- <span>Item 5</span> <span>Item 6</span>
-</div>
-CSS
span {
- padding: 0 1rem;
- transition: opacity 0.2s;
-}
-.sibling-fade:hover span:not(:hover) {
- opacity: 0.5;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
transition: opacity 0.2sspecifies that changes to opacity will be transitioned over 0.2 seconds.
- .sibling-fade:hover span:not(:hover)specifies that when the parent is hovered, select anyspanchildren - that are not currently being hovered and change their opacity to0.5.
-
Browser support
-System font stack
-Uses the native font of the operating system to get close to a native app feel.
-HTML
<p class="system-font-stack">This text uses the system font.</p>
-CSS
.system-font-stack {
- font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu,
- Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
-}
-Demo
-This text uses the system font.
-Explanation
-The browser looks for each successive font, preferring the first one if possible, and - falls back to the next if it cannot find the font (on the system or defined in CSS).
--
-
-apple-systemis San Francisco, used on iOS and macOS (not Chrome however)
- BlinkMacSystemFontis San Francisco, used on macOS Chrome
- Segoe UIis used on Windows 10
- Robotois used on Android
- Oxygen-Sansis used on Linux with KDE
- Ubuntuis used on Ubuntu (all variants)
- Cantarellis used on Linux with GNOME Shell
- "Helvetica Neue"andHelveticais used on macOS 10.10 and below (wrapped in quotes because it has a space)
- Arialis a font widely supported by all operating systems
- sans-serifis the fallback sans-serif font if none of the other fonts are supported
-
Browser support
-Toggle switch
-Creates a toggle switch with CSS only.
-HTML
<input type="checkbox" id="toggle" class="offscreen" /> <label for="toggle" class="switch"></label>
-CSS
.switch {
- position: relative;
- display: inline-block;
- width: 40px;
- height: 20px;
- background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
- border-radius: 20px;
- transition: all 0.3s;
-}
-.switch::after {
- content: '';
- position: absolute;
- width: 18px;
- height: 18px;
- border-radius: 18px;
- background-color: white;
- top: 1px;
- left: 1px;
- transition: all 0.3s;
-}
-input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch::after {
- transform: translateX(20px);
-}
-input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch {
- background-color: #7983ff;
-}
-.offscreen {
- position: absolute;
- left: -9999px;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-This effect is styling only the <label> element to look like a toggle switch, and hiding the actual <input> checkbox by positioning it offscreen. When clicking the label associated with the <input> element, it sets the <input> checkbox into the :checked state.
-
-
- The
forattribute associates the<label>with the appropriate<input>checkbox element by itsid.
- .switch::afterdefines a pseudo-element for the<label>to create the circular knob.
- input[type='checkbox']:checked + .switch::aftertargets the<label>'s pseudo-element's style when the checkbox ischecked.
- transform: translateX(20px)moves the pseudo-element (knob) 20px to the right when the checkbox ischecked.
- background-color: #7983ff;sets the background-color of the switch to a different color when the checkbox ischecked.
- .offscreenmoves the<input>checkbox element, which does not comprise any part of the actual toggle switch, out of the flow of document and positions it far away from the view, but does not hide it so it is accessible via keyboard and screen readers.
- transition: all 0.3sspecifies all property changes will be transitioned over 0.3 seconds, therefore transitioning the<label>'sbackground-colorand the pseudo-element'stransformproperty when the checkbox is checked.
-
Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefixes for full support.
- - - - - -Transform centering
-Vertically and horizontally centers a child element within its parent element using position: absolute and transform: translate() (as an alternative to flexbox or display: table). Similar to flexbox, this method does not require you to know the height or width of your parent or child so it is ideal for responsive applications.
HTML
<div class="parent"><div class="child">Centered content</div></div>
-CSS
.parent {
- border: 1px solid #333;
- height: 250px;
- position: relative;
- width: 250px;
-}
-.child {
- left: 50%;
- position: absolute;
- top: 50%;
- transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
- text-align: center;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
--
-
position: absoluteon the child element allows it to be positioned based on its containing block.
- left: 50%andtop: 50%offsets the child 50% from the left and top edge of its containing block.
- transform: translate(-50%, -50%)allows the height and width of the child element to be negated so that it is vertically and horizontally centered.
-
Note: Fixed height and width on parent element is for the demo only.
-Browser support
-⚠️ Requires prefix for full support.
- - - -Triangle
-Creates a triangle shape with pure CSS.
-HTML
<div class="triangle"></div>
-CSS
.triangle {
- width: 0;
- height: 0;
- border-top: 20px solid #333;
- border-left: 20px solid transparent;
- border-right: 20px solid transparent;
-}
-Demo
-Explanation
-View this link for a detailed explanation.
-The color of the border is the color of the triangle. The side the triangle tip points
- corresponds to the opposite border-* property. For example, a color on border-top
- means the arrow points downward.
Experiment with the px values to change the proportion of the triangle.
Browser support
-Truncate text multiline
-If the text is longer than one line, it will be truncated for n lines and end with an gradient fade.
HTML
<p class="truncate-text-multiline">
- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut
- labore et.
-</p>
-CSS
.truncate-text-multiline {
- overflow: hidden;
- display: block;
- height: 109.2px;
- margin: 0 auto;
- font-size: 26px;
- line-height: 1.4;
- width: 400px;
- position: relative;
-}
-.truncate-text-multiline:after {
- content: '';
- position: absolute;
- bottom: 0;
- right: 0;
- width: 150px;
- height: 36.4px;
- background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #f5f6f9 50%);
-}
-Demo
-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut - labore et. -
-Explanation
--
-
overflow: hiddenprevents the text from overflowing its dimensions - (for a block, 100% width and auto height).
- width: 400pxensures the element has a dimension.
- height: 109.2pxcalculated value for height, it equalsfont-size * line-height * numberOfLines(in this case26 * 1.4 * 3 = 109.2)
- height: 36.4pxcalculated value for gradient container, it equalsfont-size * line-height(in this case26 * 1.4 = 36.4)
- background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #f5f6f9 50%)gradient fromtransparentto#f5f6f9
-
Browser support
-Truncate text
-If the text is longer than one line, it will be truncated and end with an ellipsis ….
HTML
<p class="truncate-text">If I exceed one line's width, I will be truncated.</p>
-CSS
.truncate-text {
- overflow: hidden;
- white-space: nowrap;
- text-overflow: ellipsis;
- width: 200px;
-}
-Demo
-If I exceed one line's width, I will be truncated.
-Explanation
--
-
overflow: hiddenprevents the text from overflowing its dimensions - (for a block, 100% width and auto height).
- white-space: nowrapprevents the text from exceeding one line in height.
- text-overflow: ellipsismakes it so that if the text exceeds its dimensions, it - will end with an ellipsis.
- width: 200px;ensures the element has a dimension, to know when to get ellipsis
-
Browser support
-⚠️ Only works for single line elements.
- - - -Zebra striped list
-Creates a striped list with alternating background colors, which is useful for differentiating siblings that have content spread across a wide row.
-HTML
<ul>
- <li>Item 01</li>
- <li>Item 02</li>
- <li>Item 03</li>
- <li>Item 04</li>
- <li>Item 05</li>
-</ul>
-CSS
li:nth-child(odd) {
- background-color: #eee;
-}
-Demo
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-
- Item 01 -
- Item 02 -
- Item 03 -
- Item 04 -
- Item 05 -
Explanation
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-
- Use the
:nth-child(odd)or:nth-child(even)pseudo-class to apply a different background color to elements that match based on their position in a group of siblings.
-
Note that you can use it to apply different styles to other HTML elements like div, tr, p, ol, etc.
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