Math
average
statistics.mean. statistics.mean takes an array as an argument whereas this function takes variadic arguments.
Returns the average of two or more numbers.
-Takes the sum of all the args and divides it by len(args). The second argument 0.0 in sum is to handle floating point division in python3.
def average(*args): - return sum(args, 0.0) / len(args)- -
average(*[1, 2, 3]) # 2.0 -average(1, 2, 3) # 2.0-
factorial
Calculates the factorial of a number.
-Use recursion. If num is less than or equal to 1, return 1. Otherwise, return the product of num and the factorial of num - 1. Throws an exception if num is a negative or a floating point number.
def factorial(num):
- if not ((num >= 0) & (num % 1 == 0)):
- raise Exception(
- f"Number( {num} ) can't be floating point or negative ")
- return 1 if num == 0 else num * factorial(num - 1)
-
-factorial(6) # 720-
gcd
math.gcd works with only two numbers
Calculates the greatest common divisor between two or more numbers/lists.
-The helperGcdfunction uses recursion. Base case is when y equals 0. In this case, return x. Otherwise, return the GCD of y and the remainder of the division x/y.
Uses the reduce function from the inbuilt module functools. Also defines a method spread for javascript like spreading of lists.
from functools import reduce - - -def spread(arg): - ret = [] - for i in arg: - if isinstance(i, list): - ret.extend(i) - else: - ret.append(i) - return ret - - -def gcd(*args): - numbers = [] - numbers.extend(spread(list(args))) - - def _gcd(x, y): - return x if not y else gcd(y, x % y) - - return reduce((lambda x, y: _gcd(x, y)), numbers)- -
gcd(8,36) # 4-
lcm
Returns the least common multiple of two or more numbers.
-Use the greatest common divisor (GCD) formula and the fact that lcm(x,y) = x * y / gcd(x,y) to determine the least common multiple. The GCD formula uses recursion.
Uses reduce function from the inbuilt module functools. Also defines a method spread for javascript like spreading of lists.
from functools import reduce - - -def spread(arg): - ret = [] - for i in arg: - if isinstance(i, list): - ret.extend(i) - else: - ret.append(i) - return ret - - -def lcm(*args): - numbers = [] - numbers.extend(spread(list(args))) - - def _gcd(x, y): - return x if not y else _gcd(y, x % y) - - def _lcm(x, y): - return x * y / _gcd(x, y) - - return reduce((lambda x, y: _lcm(x, y)), numbers)- -
lcm(12, 7) # 84 -lcm([1, 3, 4], 5) # 60-
max_n
Returns the n maximum elements from the provided list. If n is greater than or equal to the provided list's length, then return the original list(sorted in descending order).
Use list.sort() combined with the deepcopy function from the inbuilt copy module to create a shallow clone of the list and sort it in ascending order and then use list.reverse() reverse it to make it descending order. Use [:n] to get the specified number of elements. Omit the second argument, n, to get a one-element list
def max_n(lst, n=1, reverse=True): - return sorted(lst, reverse=reverse)[:n]- -
max_n([1, 2, 3]) # [3] -max_n([1, 2, 3], 2) # [3,2]-
min_n
Returns the n minimum elements from the provided list. If n is greater than or equal to the provided list's length, then return the original list(sorted in ascending order).
Use list.sort() combined with the deepcopy function from the inbuilt copy module to create a shallow clone of the list and sort it in ascending order. Use [:n] to get the specified number of elements. Omit the second argument, n, to get a one-element list
from copy import deepcopy - - -def min_n(lst, n=1): - numbers = deepcopy(lst) - numbers.sort() - return numbers[:n]- -
min_n([1, 2, 3]) # [1] -min_n([1, 2, 3], 2) # [1,2]-
List
chunk
Chunks an list into smaller lists of a specified size.
-Uses range to create a list of desired size. Then use map on this list and fill it with splices of lst.
from math import ceil - - -def chunk(lst, size): - return list( - map(lambda x: lst[x * size:x * size + size], - list(range(0, ceil(len(lst) / size)))))- -
chunk([1,2,3,4,5],2) # [[1,2],[3,4],5]-
compact
Removes falsey values from a list.
-Use filter() to filter out falsey values (False, None, 0, and "").
def compact(lst): - return list(filter(bool, lst))- -
compact([0, 1, False, 2, '', 3, 'a', 's', 34]) # [ 1, 2, 3, 'a', 's', 34 ]-
count_occurences
list.count().
Counts the occurrences of a value in an list.
-Uses the list comprehension to increment a counter each time you encounter the specific value inside the list.
- -def count_occurrences(lst, val): - return len([x for x in lst if x == val and type(x) == type(val)])- -
count_occurrences([1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3], 1) # 3-
deep_flatten
Deep flattens a list.
-Use recursion. Use list.extend() with an empty list (result) and the spread function to flatten a list. Recursively flatten each element that is a list.
def spread(arg): - ret = [] - for i in arg: - if isinstance(i, list): - ret.extend(i) - else: - ret.append(i) - return ret - - -def deep_flatten(lst): - result = [] - result.extend( - spread(list(map(lambda x: deep_flatten(x) if type(x) == list else x, lst)))) - return result- -
deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]) # [1,2,3,4,5]-
difference
Returns the difference between two iterables.
-Use list comprehension to only keep values not contained in b
def difference(a, b): - return [item for item in a if item not in b]- -
difference([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 4]) # [3]-
shuffle
random.shuffle.
Randomizes the order of the values of an list, returning a new list.
-Uses the Fisher-Yates algorithm to reorder the elements of the list.
- -from copy import deepcopy -from random import randint - - -def shuffle(lst): - temp_lst = deepcopy(lst) - m = len(temp_lst) - while (m): - m -= 1 - i = randint(0, m) - temp_lst[m], temp_lst[i] = temp_lst[i], temp_lst[m] - return temp_lst- -
foo = [1,2,3] -shuffle(foo) # [2,3,1] , foo = [1,2,3]-
spread
Implements javascript's [].concat(...arr). Flattens the list(non-deep) and returns an list.
def spread(arg): - ret = [] - for i in arg: - if isinstance(i, list): - ret.extend(i) - else: - ret.append(i) - return ret- -
spread([1,2,3,[4,5,6],[7],8,9]) # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]-
zip
itertools.zip_longest()
Creates a list of elements, grouped based on the position in the original lists.
-Use max combined with list comprehension to get the length of the longest list in the arguments. Loops for max_length times grouping elements. If lengths of lists vary fill_value is used. By default fill_value is None.
def zip(*args, fillvalue=None): - max_length = max([len(lst) for lst in args]) - result = [] - for i in range(max_length): - result.append([ - args[k][i] if i < len(args[k]) else None for k in range(len(args)) - ]) - return result- -
zip(['a', 'b'], [1, 2], [True, False]) # [['a', 1, True], ['b', 2, False]] -zip(['a'], [1, 2], [True, False]) # [['a', 1, True], [None, 2, False]] -zip(['a'], [1, 2], [True, False], fill_value = '_') # [['a', 1, True], ['_', 2, False]]-
count_by
collections.Counter
Groups the elements of a list based on the given function and returns the count of elements in each group.
-Use map() to map the values of the list using the given function. Iterate over the map and increase the the elements count each time it occurs.
def count_by(arr, fn=lambda x: x):
- key = {}
- for el in map(fn, arr):
- key[el] = 0 if el not in key else key[el]
- key[el] += 1
- return key
-
-from math import floor
-count_by([6.1, 4.2, 6.3], floor) # {4: 1, 6: 2}
-count_by(['one', 'two', 'three'], len) # {3: 2, 5: 1}
-difference_by
Returns the difference between two list, after applying the provided function to each list element of both.
-Create a set by applying fn to each element in b, then use list comprehension in combination with fn on a to only keep values not contained in the previously created set.
def difference_by(a, b, fn): - b = set(map(fn, b)) - return [item for item in a if fn(item) not in b]- -
from math import floor
-difference_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4],floor) # [1.2]
-difference_by([{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 1 }], lambda v : v['x']) # [ { x: 2 } ]
-insertion_sort
On a very basic level, an insertion sort algorithm contains the logic of shifting around and inserting elements in order to sort an unordered list of any size. The way that it goes about inserting elements, however, is what makes insertion sort so very interesting!
- -def insertion_sort(lst): - - for i in range(1, len(lst)): - key = lst[i] - j = i - 1 - while j >= 0 and key < lst[j]: - lst[j + 1] = lst[j] - j -= 1 - lst[j + 1] = key- -
lst = [7,4,9,2,6,3]
-insertionsort(lst)
-print('Sorted %s' %lst) # sorted [2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]
-bubble_sort
Bubble_sort uses the technique of comparing and swapping
- -def bubble_sort(lst): - for passnum in range(len(lst) - 1, 0, -1): - for i in range(passnum): - if lst[i] > lst[i + 1]: - temp = lst[i] - lst[i] = lst[i + 1] - lst[i + 1] = temp- -
lst = [54,26,93,17,77,31,44,55,20]
-bubble_sort(lst)
-print("sorted %s" %lst) # [17,20,26,31,44,54,55,77,91]
-has_duplicates
Checks a flat list for duplicate values. Returns True if duplicate values exist and False if values are all unique.
-This function compares the length of the list with length of the set() of the list. set() removes duplicate values from the list.
- -def has_duplicates(lst): - return len(lst) != len(set(lst))- -
x = [1,2,3,4,5,5] -y = [1,2,3,4,5] -has_duplicates(x) # True -has_duplicates(y) # False-
String
count_vowels
Retuns number of vowels in provided string.
Use a regular expression to count the number of vowels (A, E, I, O, U) in a string.
import re - - -def count_vowels(str): - return len(len(re.findall(r'[aeiou]', str, re.IGNORECASE)))- -
count_vowels('foobar') # 3
-count_vowels('gym') # 0
-byte_size
Returns the length of a string in bytes.
-utf-8 encodes a given string and find its length.
def byte_size(string):
- return(len(string.encode('utf-8')))
-
-byte_size('😀') # 4
-byte_size('Hello World') # 11
-capitalize
Capitalizes the first letter of a string.
-Capitalizes the fist letter of the sring and then adds it with rest of the string. Omit the lower_rest parameter to keep the rest of the string intact, or set it to true to convert to lowercase.
def capitalize(string, lower_rest=False): - return string[:1].upper() + (string[1:].lower() if lower_rest else string[1:])- -
capitalize('fooBar') # 'FooBar'
-capitalize('fooBar', True) # 'Foobar'
-capitalize_every_word
Capitalizes the first letter of every word in a string.
-Uses str.title to capitalize first letter of evry word in the string.
def capitalize_every_word(string): - return string.title()- -
capitalize_every_word('hello world!') # 'Hello World!'
-decapitalize
Decapitalizes the first letter of a string.
-Decapitalizes the fist letter of the sring and then adds it with rest of the string. Omit the upper_rest parameter to keep the rest of the string intact, or set it to true to convert to uppercase.
def decapitalize(string, upper_rest=False): - return str[:1].lower() + (str[1:].upper() if upper_rest else str[1:])- -
decapitalize('FooBar') # 'fooBar'
-decapitalize('FooBar', True) # 'fOOBAR'
-palindrome
Returns True if the given string is a palindrome, False otherwise.
Convert string str.lower() and use re.sub to remove non-alphanumeric characters from it. Then compare the new string to the reversed.
def palindrome(string):
- from re import sub
- s = sub('[\W_]', '', string.lower())
- return s == s[::-1]
-
-palindrome('taco cat') # True
-is_upper_case
Checks if a string is upper case.
-Convert the given string to upper case, using str.upper() method and compare it to the original.
def is_upper_case(string): - return string == string.upper()- -
is_upper_case('ABC') # True
-is_upper_case('a3@$') # True
-is_upper_case('aB4') # False
-is_lower_case
Checks if a string is lower case.
-Convert the given string to lower case, using str.lower() method and compare it to the original.
def is_lower_case(string): - return string == string.lower()- -
is_lower_case('abc') # True
-is_lower_case('a3@$') # True
-is_lower_case('Ab4') # False
-Object
keys_only
Function which accepts a dictionary of key value pairs and returns a new flat list of only the keys.
-Uses the .items() function with a for loop on the dictionary to track both the key and value and returns a new list by appending the keys to it. Best used on 1 level-deep key:value pair dictionaries (a flat dictionary) and not nested data-structures which are also commonly used with dictionaries. (a flat dictionary resembles a json and a flat list an array for javascript people).
- -def keys_only(flat_dict): - lst = [] - for k, v in flat_dict.items(): - lst.append(k) - return lst- -
ages = {
- "Peter": 10,
- "Isabel": 11,
- "Anna": 9,
-}
-keys_only(ages) # ['Peter', 'Isabel', 'Anna']
-values_only
Function which accepts a dictionary of key value pairs and returns a new flat list of only the values.
-Uses the .items() function with a for loop on the dictionary to track both the key and value of the iteration and returns a new list by appending the values to it. Best used on 1 level-deep key:value pair dictionaries and not nested data-structures.
- -def values_only(dict): - lst = [] - for k, v in dict.items(): - lst.append(v) - return lst- -
ages = {
- "Peter": 10,
- "Isabel": 11,
- "Anna": 9,
-}
-values_only(ages) # [10, 11, 9]
-all_unique
Checks a flat list for all unique values. Returns True if list values are all unique and False if list values aren't all unique.
-This function compares the length of the list with length of the set() of the list. set() removes duplicate values from the list.
- -def all_unique(lst): - return len(lst) == len(set(lst))- -
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6] -y = [1,2,2,3,4,5] -all_unique(x) # True -all_unique(y) # False-