309 lines
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>1.2.</b> Swift 初见
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.1.</b> 基础部分
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<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_16">
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<h1 id="-">基础部分</h1>
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<p>Swift 是 iOS 和 OS X 应用开发的一门新语言。然而,如果你有 C 或者 Objective-C 开发经验的话,你会发现 Swift 的很多内容都是你熟悉的。</p>
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<p>Swift 的类型是在 C 和 Objective-C 的基础上提出的,<code>Int</code>是整型;<code>Double</code>和<code>Float</code>是浮点型;<code>Bool</code>是布尔型;<code>String</code>是字符串。Swift 还有两个有用的集合类型,<code>Array</code>和<code>Dictionary</code>,详情参见<code>集合类型(待添加链接)</code>。</p>
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<p>就像 C 语言一样,Swift 使用变量来进行存储并通过变量名来关联值。在 Swift 中,值不可变的变量有着广泛的应用,它们就是常量,而且比 C 语言的常量更强大。在 Swift 中,如果你要处理的值不需要改变,那使用常量可以让你的代码更加安全并且更好地表达你的意图。</p>
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<p>除了我们熟悉的类型,Swift 还增加了 Objective-C 中没有的类型比如元组(Tuple)。元组可以让你创建或者传递一组数据,比如作为函数的返回值时,你可以用一个元组可以返回多个值。</p>
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<p>Swift 还增加了可选(Optional)类型,用于处理值缺失的情况。可选表示“那儿有一个值,并且它等于 x ”或者“那儿没有值”。可选有点像在 Objective-C 中使用<code>nil</code>,但是它可以用在任何类型上,不仅仅是类。可选类型比 Objective-C 中的<code>nil</code>指针更加安全也更具表现力,它是 Swift 许多强大特性的重要组成部分。</p>
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<p>Swift 是一个类型安全的语言,可选就是一个很好的例子。Swift 可以让你清楚地知道值的类型。如果你的代码期望得到一个<code>String</code>,类型安全会阻止你不小心传入一个<code>Int</code>。你可以在开发阶段尽早发现并修正错误。</p>
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<h2 id="-">常量和变量</h2>
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<p>常量和变量把一个名字(比如<code>maximumNumberOfLoginAttempts</code>或者<code>welcomeMessage</code>)和一个指定类型的值(比如数字<code>10</code>或者字符串<code>Hello</code>)联系起来。常量的值一旦设定就不能改变,而变量的值可以随意更改。</p>
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<h3 id="-">声明常量和变量</h3>
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<p>常量和变量必须在使用前声明,用<code>let</code>来声明常量,用<code>var</code>来声明变量。下面的例子展示了如何用常量和变量来记录用户尝试登录的次数:</p>
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<pre><code>let maximumNumberOfLoginAttempts = 10
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var currentLoginAttempt = 0
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</code></pre><p>这两行代码可以被理解为:</p>
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<p>“声明一个名字是<code>maximumNumberOfLoginAttempts</code>的新常量,并给它一个值<code>10</code>。然后,声明一个名字是<code>currentLoginAttempt</code>的变量并将它的值初始化为0.”</p>
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<p>在这个例子中,允许的最大尝试登录次数被声明为一个常量,因为这个值不会改变。当前尝试登录次数被声明为一个变量,因为每次尝试登录失败的时候都需要增加这个值。</p>
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<p>你可以在一行中声明多个常量或者多个变量,用逗号隔开:</p>
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<pre><code>var x = 0.0, y = 0.0, z = 0.0
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</code></pre><blockquote>
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<p>注意:如果你的代码中有不需要改变的值,最好将它声明为常量。只将需要改变的值声明为变量。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="-">类型标注</h3>
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<p>当你声明常量或者变量的时候可以加上类型标注,说明常量或者变量中要存储的值的类型。如果要添加类型标注,在常量或者变量名后面加上一个冒号和空格,然后加上类型名称。</p>
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<p>这个例子给<code>welcomeMessage</code>变量添加了类型标注,表示这个变量可以存储<code>String</code>类型的值:</p>
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<pre><code>var welcomeMessage: String
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</code></pre><p>声明中的冒号代表着“是...类型”,所以这行代码可以被理解为::</p>
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<p>“声明一个类型为<code>String</code>,名字为<code>welcomeMessage</code>的变量。”</p>
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<p>“类型为<code>String</code>”的意思是“可以存储任意<code>String</code>类型的值。”</p>
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<p><code>welcomeMessage</code>变量现在可以被设置成任意字符串:</p>
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<pre><code>welcomeMessage = "Hello"
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</code></pre><blockquote>
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<p>注意:一般来说你很少需要写类型标注。如果你在声明常量或者变量的时候赋了一个初始值,Swift可以推断出这个常量或者变量的类型,详情参见<code>类型安全和类型推断(待添加链接)</code>。在上面的例子中,没有给<code>welcomeMessage</code>赋初始值,所以添加了一个类型标注。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="-">常量和变量的命名</h3>
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<p>你可以用任何你喜欢的字符作为常量和变量名,包括Unicode字符:</p>
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<pre><code> let π = 3.14159
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let 你好 = "你好世界"
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</code></pre><p>常量与变量名不能包含数学符号,箭头,保留的(或者非法的)Unicode码位,连线与制表符。尽管常量与变量名中可以包含数字,但是它们不能以数字打头。</p>
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<p>一旦你将常量或者变量声明为确定的类型,你就不能使用相同的名字再次进行声明,或者以改变其存储的值为其他类型。同时,你也不能将常量与变量进行互转。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意:如果你需要使用与Swift保留关键字相同的名称作为常量或者变量名,你可以使用反引号(`)将关键字围住的方式将其作为名字使用。无论如何,你应当避免使用关键字作为常量或变量名,除非你别无选择。</p>
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</blockquote>
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