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2014-06-09 23:40:45 +08:00
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chapter1/01_swift.html
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<div class="page-inner">
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<h1 id="-swift">关于 Swift</h1>
<p>Swift 是一种新的编程语言，用于编写 iOS 和 OS X 应用。Swift 结合了 C 和 Objective-C 的优点并且不受C的兼容性的限制。Swift 使用安全的编程模式并添加了很多新特性，这将使编程更简单，扩展性更强，也更有趣。除此之外，Swift 还支持人见人爱的 Cocoa 和 Cocoa Touch 框架。拥有了这些特性，Swift将重新定义软件开发。</p>

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<h1 id="swift-">Swift 初见</h1>
<p>本页内容包括：</p>

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<h1 id="-swift">欢迎使用 Swift</h1>
<p>在本章中您将了解 Swift 的特性和开发历史，并对 Swift 有一个初步的了解。</p>

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<h1 id="-">基础部分</h1>
<p>Swift 是 iOS 和 OS X 应用开发的一门新语言。然而，如果你有 C 或者 Objective-C 开发经验的话，你会发现 Swift 的很多内容都是你熟悉的。</p>

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<h1 id="-">基础运算符</h1>
<p>运算符是检查, 改变, 合并值的特殊符号或短语. 例如, 加号 <code>+</code> 把计算两个数的和(如 <code>let i = 1 + 2</code>). 复杂些的运行算包括逻辑与<code>&amp;&amp;</code>(如 <code>if enteredDoorCode &amp;&amp; passedRetinaScan</code>), 还有自增运算符 <code>++i</code> 这样让自身加一的便捷运算.</p>

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<h1 id="-strings-and-characters-">字符串和字符 (Strings and Characters)</h1>
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<h1 id="-collection-types-">集合类型 (Collection Types)</h1>

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<h1 id="-">控制流</h1>
<p>Swift提供了类似C语言的流程控制结构，包括将任务执行多次的<code>for</code>和<code>while</code>循环，基于特定条件选择执行不同分支的<code>if</code>和<code>switch</code>语句，还有控制流程跳转到其他代码的<code>break</code>和<code>continue</code>语句。</p>

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<h1 id="-functions-">函数（Functions）</h1>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>
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</blockquote>
<h3 id="-in-out-parameters-">输入输出参数（In-Out Parameters）</h3>
<p>变量参数，正如上面所述，仅仅能在函数体内被更改。如果你想要一个函数可以修改参数的值，并且想要在这些修改在函数调用结束后仍然存在，那么就应该把这个参数定义为输入输出参数（In-Out Parameters）。</p>
<p>定义一个输入输出参数时，在参数定以前加<code>inout</code>关键字。一个输入输出参数有传入函数的值，这个值被函数修改，然后被传出函数，替换原来的值。</p>
<p>定义一个输入输出参数时，在参数定义前加<code>inout</code>关键字。一个输入输出参数有传入函数的值，这个值被函数修改，然后被传出函数，替换原来的值。</p>
<p>你只能传入一个变量作为输入输出参数。你不能传入常量或者字面量（literal value），因为这些量是不能被修改的。当传入的参数作为输入输出参数时，需要在参数前加<code>&amp;</code>符，表示这个值可以被函数修改。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：

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<h1 id="-">闭包</h1>
<p>本页内容包含：</p>

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<h1 id="-">枚举</h1>
<p>本页内容包含：</p>

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<h3 id="-">类和结构体</h3>
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<h1 id="-properties-">属性 (Properties)</h1>
<p><strong>属性</strong>将值跟特定的类、结构或枚举关联。一种是存储属性，把常量或变量的值作为实例的一部分，一种是计算属性，它计算一个值。计算属性可以用于类、结构和枚举里，存储属性只能用于类和结构。</p>

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<h1 id="-methods-">方法(Methods)</h1>
<p><strong>方法</strong>是与某些特定类型相关联的功能/函数。类、结构体、枚举都可以定义实例方法；实例方法为指定类型的实例封装了特定的任务与功能。类、结构体、枚举也可以定义类(型)方法(type itself)；类型方法与类型自身相关联。类型方法与Objective-C中的类方法(class methods)相似。</p>

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<h1 id="-subscripts-">下标 (Subscripts)</h1>
<p>下标可以定义在类(Class)、结构体(structures)和枚举(enumerations)这些目标中，可以认为是访问对象、集合或序列的快捷方式。举例来说，用下标访问一个数组(Array)实例中的元素可以这样写 <code>someArray[index]</code> ，访问字典(Dictionary)实例中的元素可以这样写 <code>someDictionary[key]</code>，而不需要再调用实例的某个方法来获得元素的值。</p>

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<h1 id="-">继承</h1>
<p>一个类可以继承另一个类的方法，属性和其它特性。当一个类继承其它类，继承类叫子类，被继承类叫超类（或父类）。在Swift中，继承是区分「类」与其它类型的一个基本特征。</p>

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<h1 id="-">析构过程</h1>
<p>在一个类的实例被释放之前，析构函数被立即调用。用关键字deinit来标示析构函数，类似于初始化函数用init来标示。析构函数只适用于类类型。</p>

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<h1 id="-">自动引用计数</h1>
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<h1 id="optional-chaining">Optional Chaining</h1>
<p>可选链（Optional Chaining）是一种可以请求和调用属性、方法及子脚本的过程，它的自判断性体现于请求或调用的目标当前可能为空（<code>nil</code>）。如果自判断的目标有值，那么调用就会成功；相反，如果选择的目标为空（<code>nil</code>），则这种调用将返回空（<code>nil</code>）。多次请求或调用可以被链接在一起形成一个链，如果任何一个节点为空（<code>nil</code>）将导致整个链失效。</p>

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<h1 id="-type-casting-">类型检查（Type Casting）</h1>
<p>（ps：为了方便各位检验所以保留了英文，可删。）

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<h1 id="-extensions-">扩展（Extensions）</h1>
<hr>

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<h1 id="-">协议</h1>
<p><code>Protocol(协议)</code>定义了用于完成某项任务或功能的方法,属性等,它不具备任何功能的细节实现,只用来<strong>统一</strong>方法,属性等的名称和其类型.(<em>译者注: 其他语言中也把 <code>Portocol</code> 称为 <code>Interface(接口)</code></em> ).协议可以被<code>类,枚举,结构体</code>采纳并实现,任意满足了协议要求的<code>类,枚举,结构体</code>被称之为<code>协议遵循者</code>.</p>

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<h1 id="-">泛型</h1>
<hr>

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<h1 id="-">特性</h1>
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<h1 id="swift-">Swift 编程语言</h1>
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@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ Swift统一的函数语法足够灵活，可以用来表示任何函数，包括
变量参数，正如上面所述，仅仅能在函数体内被更改。如果你想要一个函数可以修改参数的值，并且想要在这些修改在函数调用结束后仍然存在，那么就应该把这个参数定义为输入输出参数（In-Out Parameters）。
定义一个输入输出参数时，在参数定以前加`inout`关键字。一个输入输出参数有传入函数的值，这个值被函数修改，然后被传出函数，替换原来的值。
定义一个输入输出参数时，在参数定义前加`inout`关键字。一个输入输出参数有传入函数的值，这个值被函数修改，然后被传出函数，替换原来的值。
你只能传入一个变量作为输入输出参数。你不能传入常量或者字面量（literal value），因为这些量是不能被修改的。当传入的参数作为输入输出参数时，需要在参数前加`&`符，表示这个值可以被函数修改。