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correct some mistakes

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2014-06-10 13:24:40 +08:00
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chapter1/01_swift.html
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<h1 id="-swift">关于 Swift</h1>
<p>Swift 是一种新的编程语言，用于编写 iOS 和 OS X 应用。Swift 结合了 C 和 Objective-C 的优点并且不受C的兼容性的限制。Swift 使用安全的编程模式并添加了很多新特性，这将使编程更简单，扩展性更强，也更有趣。除此之外，Swift 还支持人见人爱的 Cocoa 和 Cocoa Touch 框架。拥有了这些特性，Swift将重新定义软件开发。</p>

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<h1 id="swift-">Swift 初见</h1>
<p>本页内容包括：</p>

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<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_80">
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<h1 id="-swift">欢迎使用 Swift</h1>
<p>在本章中您将了解 Swift 的特性和开发历史，并对 Swift 有一个初步的了解。</p>

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<h1 id="-">基础部分</h1>
<p>Swift 是 iOS 和 OS X 应用开发的一门新语言。然而，如果你有 C 或者 Objective-C 开发经验的话，你会发现 Swift 的很多内容都是你熟悉的。</p>

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chapter2/02_Basic_Operators.html
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<h1 id="-">基础运算符</h1>
<p>运算符是检查, 改变, 合并值的特殊符号或短语. 例如, 加号 <code>+</code> 把计算两个数的和(如 <code>let i = 1 + 2</code>). 复杂些的运行算包括逻辑与<code>&amp;&amp;</code>(如 <code>if enteredDoorCode &amp;&amp; passedRetinaScan</code>), 还有自增运算符 <code>++i</code> 这样让自身加一的便捷运算.</p>

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chapter2/03_Strings_and_Characters.html
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<h1 id="-strings-and-characters-">字符串和字符 (Strings and Characters)</h1>
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<h1 id="-collection-types-">集合类型 (Collection Types)</h1>

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<h1 id="-">控制流</h1>
<p>Swift提供了类似C语言的流程控制结构，包括可以多次执行任务的<code>for</code>和<code>while</code>循环，基于特定条件选择执行不同代码分支的<code>if</code>和<code>switch</code>语句，还有控制流程跳转到其他代码的<code>break</code>和<code>continue</code>语句。</p>

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<h1 id="-functions-">函数（Functions）</h1>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>

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<h1 id="-">闭包</h1>
<p>本页内容包含：</p>

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<h1 id="-">枚举</h1>
<p>本页内容包含：</p>

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<h3 id="-">类和结构体</h3>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>

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<h1 id="-properties-">属性 (Properties)</h1>
<p><strong>属性</strong>将值跟特定的类、结构或枚举关联。一种是存储属性，把常量或变量的值作为实例的一部分，一种是计算属性，它计算一个值。计算属性可以用于类、结构和枚举里，存储属性只能用于类和结构。</p>

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<h1 id="-methods-">方法(Methods)</h1>
<p><strong>方法</strong>是与某些特定类型相关联的功能/函数。类、结构体、枚举都可以定义实例方法；实例方法为指定类型的实例封装了特定的任务与功能。类、结构体、枚举也可以定义类(型)方法(type itself)；类型方法与类型自身相关联。类型方法与Objective-C中的类方法(class methods)相似。</p>

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<h1 id="-subscripts-">下标 (Subscripts)</h1>
<p>下标可以定义在类(Class)、结构体(structures)和枚举(enumerations)这些目标中，可以认为是访问对象、集合或序列的快捷方式。举例来说，用下标访问一个数组(Array)实例中的元素可以这样写 <code>someArray[index]</code> ，访问字典(Dictionary)实例中的元素可以这样写 <code>someDictionary[key]</code>，而不需要再调用实例的某个方法来获得元素的值。</p>

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<h1 id="-">继承</h1>
<p>一个类可以继承另一个类的方法，属性和其它特性。当一个类继承其它类，继承类叫子类，被继承类叫超类（或父类）。在Swift中，继承是区分「类」与其它类型的一个基本特征。</p>

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<h1 id="-">析构过程</h1>
<p>在一个类的实例被释放之前，析构函数被立即调用。用关键字deinit来标示析构函数，类似于初始化函数用init来标示。析构函数只适用于类类型。</p>

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<h1 id="-">自动引用计数</h1>
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<h1 id="optional-chaining">Optional Chaining</h1>
<p>可选链（Optional Chaining）是一种可以请求和调用属性、方法及子脚本的过程，它的自判断性体现于请求或调用的目标当前可能为空（<code>nil</code>）。如果自判断的目标有值，那么调用就会成功；相反，如果选择的目标为空（<code>nil</code>），则这种调用将返回空（<code>nil</code>）。多次请求或调用可以被链接在一起形成一个链，如果任何一个节点为空（<code>nil</code>）将导致整个链失效。</p>

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<h1 id="-type-casting-">类型检查（Type Casting）</h1>
<p>（ps：为了方便各位检验所以保留了英文，可删。）

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<h1 id="-">类型嵌套</h1>
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<h1 id="-extensions-">扩展（Extensions）</h1>
<hr>

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<h1 id="-">协议</h1>
<p><code>Protocol(协议)</code>用于<strong>统一</strong>方法和属性的名称,而不实现任何功能,(<em>译者注: 协议在其他语言中也称作<code>接口(Interface)</code></em>).<code>协议</code>能够被<code>类</code>,<code>枚举</code>,<code>结构体</code>实现,满足协议要求的<code>类</code>,<code>枚举</code>,<code>结构体</code>被称为协议的<code>遵循者</code>.</p>

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<h1 id="-">泛型</h1>
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<h1 id="swift-">Swift 教程</h1>
<p>本章介绍了 Swift 的各种特性及其使用方法，是全书的核心部分。</p>

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<h1 id="-">关于语言附注</h1>
<p>本书的这一节描述了Swift编程语言的形式语法。这里描述的语法是为了帮助您更详细的了解该语言，而不是让您直接实现一个解析器或编译器。</p>

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<h1 id="-">特性</h1>
<p>特性提供了关于声明和类型的更多信息。在Swift中有两类特性，用于修饰声明的以及用于修饰类型的。例如，<code>required</code>特性，当应用于一个类的指定或便利初始化器声明时，表明它的每个子类都必须实现那个初始化器。再比如<code>noreturn</code>特性，当应用于函数或方法类型时，表明该函数或方法不会返回到它的调用者。</p>

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<h1 id="-patterns-">模式（Patterns）</h1>
<p>模式（pattern）代表了单个值或者复合值的结构。例如，元组<code>(1, 2)</code>的结构是逗号分隔的，包含两个元素的列表。因为模式代表一种值的结构，而不是特定的某个值，你可以把模式和各种同类型的值匹配起来。比如，<code>(x, y)</code>可以匹配元组<code>(1, 2)</code>，以及任何含两个元素的元组。除了将模式与一个值匹配外，你可以从合成值中提取出部分或全部，然后分别把各个部分和一个常量或变量绑定起来。</p>

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<p>本页包含内容：</p>
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<p><a name="label4"></a></p>
<h2 id="-">模式</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>模式语法语法<br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/wildcard-pattern" target="_blank"><em>wildcard-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/identifier-pattern" target="_blank"><em>identifier-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/value-binding-pattern" target="_blank"><em>value-binding-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/tuple-pattern" target="_blank"><em>tuple-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/enum-case-pattern" target="_blank"><em>enum-case-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-casting-pattern" target="_blank"><em>type-casting-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-pattern" target="_blank"><em>expression-pattern</em></a> </p>
<p>模式语法<br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/wildcard-pattern" target="_blank"><em>wildcard-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/identifier-pattern" target="_blank"><em>identifier-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/value-binding-pattern" target="_blank"><em>value-binding-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/tuple-pattern" target="_blank"><em>tuple-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/enum-case-pattern" target="_blank"><em>enum-case-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-casting-pattern" target="_blank"><em>type-casting-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-pattern" target="_blank"><em>expression-pattern</em></a> </p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>

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<h1 id="-">语句</h1>
<p>在 Swift 中，有两种类型的语句：简单语句和控制流语句。简单语句是最常见的，用于构造表达式和声明。控制流语句则用于控制程序执行的流程，Swift 中有三种类型的控制流语句：循环语句、分支语句和控制传递语句。</p>
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<blockquote>
<p>GRAMMAR OF A FOR STATEMENT</p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for ( </strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>)</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for (</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>)</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/variable-declaration" target="_blank"><em>variable-declaration</em></a> | <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-list" target="_blank"><em>expression-list</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="for-in-">For-In 语句</h3>
@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ continue `label name`
<p><code>return</code>语句用于在函数或方法的实现中将控制权传递给调用者，接着程序将会从调用者的位置继续向下执行。</p>
<p>使用<code>return</code>语句时，可以只写<code>return</code>这个关键词，也可以在<code>return</code>后面跟上表达式，像下面这样：</p>
<pre><code class="lang-swift">return
return `表达式`
return `expression`
</code></pre>
<p>当<code>return</code>语句后面带表达式时，表达式的值将会返回给调用者。如果表达式值的类型与调用者期望的类型不匹配，Swift 则会在返回表达式的值之前将表达式值的类型转换为调用者期望的类型。</p>
<p>而当只写<code>return</code>时，仅仅是将控制权从该函数或方法传递给调用者，而不返回一个值。（这就是说，该函数或方法的返回类型为<code>Void</code>或<code>()</code>）</p>

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<h1 id="swift-">Swift 编程语言</h1>
<p>Swift 是苹果在 WWDC 2014 上发布的一款全新的编程语言，本书译自苹果官方的 Swift 教程《The Swift Programming Language》。</p>

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