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correct some mistakes

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2014-06-10 13:24:40 +08:00
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chapter3/01_About_the_Language_Reference.html
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<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_120">
<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_46">
<h1 id="-">关于语言附注</h1>
<p>本书的这一节描述了Swift编程语言的形式语法。这里描述的语法是为了帮助您更详细的了解该语言，而不是让您直接实现一个解析器或编译器。</p>

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<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_125">
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<h1 id="-">语法结构</h1>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>

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<h1 id="-types-">类型（Types）</h1>
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chapter3/05_Declarations.html
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<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_119">
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<h1 id="-">特性</h1>
<p>特性提供了关于声明和类型的更多信息。在Swift中有两类特性，用于修饰声明的以及用于修饰类型的。例如，<code>required</code>特性，当应用于一个类的指定或便利初始化器声明时，表明它的每个子类都必须实现那个初始化器。再比如<code>noreturn</code>特性，当应用于函数或方法类型时，表明该函数或方法不会返回到它的调用者。</p>

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<h1 id="-patterns-">模式（Patterns）</h1>
<p>模式（pattern）代表了单个值或者复合值的结构。例如，元组<code>(1, 2)</code>的结构是逗号分隔的，包含两个元素的列表。因为模式代表一种值的结构，而不是特定的某个值，你可以把模式和各种同类型的值匹配起来。比如，<code>(x, y)</code>可以匹配元组<code>(1, 2)</code>，以及任何含两个元素的元组。除了将模式与一个值匹配外，你可以从合成值中提取出部分或全部，然后分别把各个部分和一个常量或变量绑定起来。</p>

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<h1 id="-">泛型参数</h1>
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<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_130">
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<h1 id="-">语法总结</h1>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>
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<p><a name="label4"></a></p>
<h2 id="-">模式</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>模式语法语法<br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/wildcard-pattern" target="_blank"><em>wildcard-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/identifier-pattern" target="_blank"><em>identifier-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/value-binding-pattern" target="_blank"><em>value-binding-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/tuple-pattern" target="_blank"><em>tuple-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/enum-case-pattern" target="_blank"><em>enum-case-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-casting-pattern" target="_blank"><em>type-casting-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-pattern" target="_blank"><em>expression-pattern</em></a> </p>
<p>模式语法<br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/wildcard-pattern" target="_blank"><em>wildcard-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/identifier-pattern" target="_blank"><em>identifier-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/value-binding-pattern" target="_blank"><em>value-binding-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/tuple-pattern" target="_blank"><em>tuple-pattern</em></a> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Types.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-annotation" target="_blank"><em>type-annotation</em></a> <em>opt</em><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/enum-case-pattern" target="_blank"><em>enum-case-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/type-casting-pattern" target="_blank"><em>type-casting-pattern</em></a><br><em>pattern</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-pattern" target="_blank"><em>expression-pattern</em></a> </p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>

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<h1 id="-">语句</h1>
<p>在 Swift 中，有两种类型的语句：简单语句和控制流语句。简单语句是最常见的，用于构造表达式和声明。控制流语句则用于控制程序执行的流程，Swift 中有三种类型的控制流语句：循环语句、分支语句和控制传递语句。</p>
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<blockquote>
<p>GRAMMAR OF A FOR STATEMENT</p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for ( </strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>)</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <strong>for (</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init" target="_blank"><em>for-init</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>;</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression" target="_blank"><em>expression</em></a> <em>opt</em> <strong>)</strong> <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block" target="_blank"><em>code-block</em></a></p>
<p><em>for-statement</em> → <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/variable-declaration" target="_blank"><em>variable-declaration</em></a> | <a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-list" target="_blank"><em>expression-list</em></a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="for-in-">For-In 语句</h3>
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<p><code>return</code>语句用于在函数或方法的实现中将控制权传递给调用者，接着程序将会从调用者的位置继续向下执行。</p>
<p>使用<code>return</code>语句时，可以只写<code>return</code>这个关键词，也可以在<code>return</code>后面跟上表达式，像下面这样：</p>
<pre><code class="lang-swift">return
return `表达式`
return `expression`
</code></pre>
<p>当<code>return</code>语句后面带表达式时，表达式的值将会返回给调用者。如果表达式值的类型与调用者期望的类型不匹配，Swift 则会在返回表达式的值之前将表达式值的类型转换为调用者期望的类型。</p>
<p>而当只写<code>return</code>时，仅仅是将控制权从该函数或方法传递给调用者，而不返回一个值。（这就是说，该函数或方法的返回类型为<code>Void</code>或<code>()</code>）</p>

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