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Shindo
@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ for `initialzation`; `condition`; `increment` {
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> GRAMMAR OF A FOR STATEMENT
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> *for-statement* → **for** [*for-init*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init)*opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression)*opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression)*opt* [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block)
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> *for-statement* → **for** [*for-init*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init) *opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) *opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) *opt* [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block)
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> *for-statement* → **for ( ** [*for-init*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init)*opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression)*opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression)*opt* **)** [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block)
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> *for-statement* → **for ( ** [*for-init*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/for-init) *opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) *opt* **;** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) *opt* **)** [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block)
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> *for-statement* → [*variable-declaration*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/variable-declaration) | [*expression-list*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression-list)
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@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ if `condition` {
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```swift
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if `condition` {
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`statements (当condition为真时)`
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`statements to execute if condition is true`
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} else {
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`statements (当condition为假时)`
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`statements to execute if condition is false`
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}
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```
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@ -185,12 +185,12 @@ if `condition` {
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```swift
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if `condition 1` {
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`statements (当condition 1为真时)`
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`statements to execute if condition 1 is true`
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} else if `condition 2` {
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`statements (当condition 2为真时)`
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`statements to execute if condition 2 is true`
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}
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else {
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`statements (当condition 1、2均为假时)`
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`statements to execute if both conditions are false`
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}
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```
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@ -198,15 +198,15 @@ else {
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> GRAMMAR OF AN IF STATEMENT
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> *if-statement* → **if** [*if-condition*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/if-condition) [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block) [*else-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/else-clause)*opt*
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> *if-statement* → **if** [*if-condition*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/if-condition) [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block) [*else-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/else-clause) *opt*
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> *if-condition* → [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) | [*declaration*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/declaration)
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> *else-clause* → **else** [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block) | **else** [*if-statement*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/if-statement)*opt*
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> *else-clause* → **else** [*code-block*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Declarations.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/code-block) | **else** [*if-statement*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/if-statement) *opt*
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### Switch 语句
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取决于控制`switch`语句的表达式，`switch`语句将决定执行哪一块代码。
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取决于`switch`语句的控制表达式(*control expression*)，`switch`语句将决定执行哪一块代码。
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`switch`语句的形式如下：
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@ -224,19 +224,36 @@ switch `control expression` {
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}
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```
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`switch`语句的*控制表达式(control expression)*会首先被计算，然后与每一个`case`的模式(pattern)进行匹配。如果匹配成功，程序将会执行对应的`case`块里的`statements`。另外，每一个`case`块都不能为空，也就是说在每一个`case`块中至少有一条语句。如果你不想在匹配到的`case`块中执行代码，只需在块里写一条`break`语句即可。
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可以用作控制表达式的值是十分灵活的，除了标量类型(scalar types，如`Int`、`Character`)外，你可以使用任何类型的值，包括浮点数、字符串、元组、自定义类的实例和可选(optional)类型，甚至是枚举类型中的成员值和指定的范围(range)等。关于在`switch`语句中使用这些类型，请参考[控制流`待添加链接`]()一章的[Switch`待添加链接`]()。
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你可以在模式后面添加一个起保护作用的表达式(guard expression)。*起保护作用的表达式*是这样构成的：关键字`where`后面跟着一个作为额外测试条件的表达式。因此，当且仅当*控制表达式*匹配一个`case`的某个模式且起保护作用的表达式为真时，对应`case`块中的`statements`才会被执行。在下面的例子中，*控制表达式*只会匹配含两个相等元素的元组，如`(1, 1)`：
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```swift
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case let (x, y) where x == y:
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}
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```
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正如上面这个例子，也可以在模式中使用`let`（或`var`）语句来绑定常量（或变量）。这些常量（或变量）可以在其对应的起保护作用的表达式和其对应的`case`块里的代码中引用。但是，如果`case`中有多个模式匹配控制表达式，那么这些模式都不能绑定常量（或变量）。
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`switch`语句也可以包含默认(`default`)块，只有其它`case`块都无法匹配控制表达式时，默认块中的代码才会被执行。一个`switch`语句只能有一个默认块，而且必须在`switch`语句的最后面。
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尽管模式匹配操作实际的执行顺序，特别是模式的计算顺序是不可知的，但是 Swift 规定`switch`语句中的模式匹配的顺序和书写源代码的顺序保持一致。因此，当多个模式含有相同的值且能够匹配控制表达式时，程序只会执行源代码中第一个匹配的`case`块中的代码。
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#### Switch 语句必须是完备的
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在 Swift 中，控制`switch`语句的表达式的每一个可能的值都必须有至少一个`case`块与之对应。在某些情况下（例如，表达式的类型是`Int`），你可以使用`default`块满足该要求。
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在 Swift 中，`switch`语句中控制表达式的每一个可能的值都必须至少有一个`case`块与之对应。在某些情况下（例如，表达式的类型是`Int`），你可以使用默认块满足该要求。
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#### 不存在隐式的Fallthrough
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#### 不存在隐式的贯穿(fall through)
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当匹配的`case`块中的代码执行完毕后，程序会终止`switch`语句，而不会继续执行下一个`case`块。这就意味着，如果你想执行下一个`case`块，需要显式地在你需要的`case`块里使用`fallthrough`语句。关于`fallthrough`语句的更多信息，请参考[Fallthrough 语句`待添加链接`]()。
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> GRAMMAR OF A SWITCH STATEMENT
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> *switch-statement* → **switch** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) **{** [*switch-cases*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-cases)*opt **}**
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> *switch-statement* → **switch** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) **{** [*switch-cases*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-cases) *opt* **}**
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> *switch-cases* → [*switch-case*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-case) [*switch-cases*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-cases)*opt
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> *switch-cases* → [*switch-case*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-case) [*switch-cases*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/switch-cases) *opt*
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> *switch-case* → [*case-label*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/case-label) [*statement*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/statements) | [*default-label*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/default-label) [*statements*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/statements)
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@ -244,7 +261,7 @@ switch `control expression` {
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> *case-label* → **case** [*case-item-list*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/case-item-list) **:**
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> *case-item-list* → [*pattern*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/pattern) [*guard-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/guard-clause)*opt* | [*pattern*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/pattern) [*guard-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/guard-clause)*opt*, [*case-item-list*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/case-item-list)
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> *case-item-list* → [*pattern*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/pattern) [*guard-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/guard-clause) *opt* | [*pattern*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Patterns.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/pattern) [*guard-clause*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/guard-clause) *opt*, [*case-item-list*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/case-item-list)
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> *default-label* → **default :**
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@ -301,7 +318,7 @@ break `标签名`
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> GRAMMAR OF A BREAK STATEMENT
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> *break-statement* → **break** [*label-name*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/label-name)*opt*
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> *break-statement* → **break** [*label-name*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/label-name) *opt*
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### Continue 语句
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@ -324,11 +341,11 @@ continue `标签名`
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> GRAMMAR OF A CONTINUE STATEMENT
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> *continue-statement* → **continue** [*label-name*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/label-name)*opt*
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> *continue-statement* → **continue** [*label-name*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Statements.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/label-name) *opt*
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### Fallthrough 语句
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`fallthrough`语句用于在`switch`语句中传递控制权。`fallthrough`语句会把控制权从`switch`语句中的一个`case`传递给下一个`case`。这种传递是无条件的，即使下一个`case`的值与控制`switch`语句的表达式的值不匹配。
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`fallthrough`语句用于在`switch`语句中传递控制权。`fallthrough`语句会把控制权从`switch`语句中的一个`case`传递给下一个`case`。这种传递是无条件的，即使下一个`case`的值与`switch`语句的控制表达式的值不匹配。
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`fallthrough`语句可出现在`switch`语句中的任意`case`里，但不能出现在最后一个'case'块。同时，`fallthrough`语句也不能把控制权传递给使用了可选绑定的`case`块。
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@ -355,4 +372,4 @@ return `表达式`
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> GRAMMAR OF A RETURN STATEMENT
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> *return-statement* → **return** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression)*opt*
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> *return-statement* → **return** [*expression*](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/Expressions.html#//apple_ref/swift/grammar/expression) *opt*
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