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> 翻譯：[stanzhai](https://github.com/stanzhai)
> 校對：[xielingwang](https://github.com/xielingwang)
# 語法總結
_________________
本頁包含內容：
* [語句（Statements）](#statements)
* [泛型參數（Generic Parameters and Arguments）](#generic_parameters_and_arguments)
* [聲明（Declarations）](#declarations)
* [模式（Patterns）](#patterns)
* [特性（Attributes）](#attributes)
* [表達式（Expressions）](#expressions)
* [詞法結構（Lexical Structure）](#lexical_structure)
* [類型（Types）](#types)
<a name="statements"></a>
## 語句
> 語句語法
> *語句* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **;** _可選_
> *語句* → [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration) **;** _可選_
> *語句* → [*循環語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#loop_statement) **;** _可選_
> *語句* → [*分支語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#branch_statement) **;** _可選_
> *語句* → [*標記語句(Labeled Statement)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#labeled_statement)
> *語句* → [*控制轉移語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#control_transfer_statement) **;** _可選_
> *多條語句(Statements)* → [*語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statement) [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 循環語句語法
> *循環語句* → [*for語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#for_statement)
> *循環語句* → [*for-in語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#for_in_statement)
> *循環語句* → [*while語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#wheetatype類型ile_statement)
> *循環語句* → [*do-while語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#do_while_statement)
<!-- -->
> For 循環語法
> *for語句* → **for** [*for初始條件*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#for_init) _可選_ **;** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) _可選_ **;** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) _可選_ [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *for語句* → **for** **(** [*for初始條件*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#for_init) _可選_ **;** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) _可選_ **;** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) _可選_ **)** [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *for初始條件* → [*變量聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration) | [*表達式列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_list)
<!-- -->
> For-In 循環語法
> *for-in語句* → **for** [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) **in** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> While 循環語法
> *while語句* → **while** [*while條件*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#while_condition) [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *while條件* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration)
<!-- -->
> Do-While 循環語法
> *do-while語句* → **do** [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block) **while** [*while條件*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#while_condition)
<!-- -->
> 分支語句語法
> *分支語句* → [*if語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#if_statement)
> *分支語句* → [*switch語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#switch_statement)
<!-- -->
> If語句語法
> *if語句* → **if** [*if條件*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#if_condition) [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block) [*else子句(Clause)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#else_clause) _可選_
> *if條件* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration)
> *else子句(Clause)* → **else** [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block) | **else** [*if語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#if_statement)
<!-- -->
> Switch語句語法
> *switch語句* → **switch** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **{** [*SwitchCase列表*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#switch_cases) _可選_ **}**
> *SwitchCase列表* → [*SwitchCase*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#switch_case) [*SwitchCase列表*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#switch_cases) _可選_
> *SwitchCase* → [*case標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#case_label) [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements) | [*default標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#default_label) [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements)
> *SwitchCase* → [*case標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#case_label) **;** | [*default標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#default_label) **;**
> *case標籤* → **case** [*case項列表*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#case_item_list) **:**
> *case項列表* → [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*guard-clause*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#guard_clause) _可選_ | [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*guard-clause*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#guard_clause) _可選_ **,** [*case項列表*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#case_item_list)
> *default標籤* → **default** **:**
> *guard-clause* → **where** [*guard-expression*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#guard_expression)
> *guard-expression* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 標記語句語法
> *標記語句(Labeled Statement)* → [*語句標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statement_label) [*循環語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#loop_statement) | [*語句標籤*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statement_label) [*switch語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#switch_statement)
> *語句標籤* → [*標籤名稱*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#label_name) **:**
> *標籤名稱* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 控制傳遞語句(Control Transfer Statement) 語法
> *控制傳遞語句* → [*break語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#break_statement)
> *控制傳遞語句* → [*continue語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#continue_statement)
> *控制傳遞語句* → [*fallthrough語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#fallthrough_statement)
> *控制傳遞語句* → [*return語句*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#return_statement)
<!-- -->
> Break 語句語法
> *break語句* → **break** [*標籤名稱*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#label_name) _可選_
<!-- -->
> Continue 語句語法
> *continue語句* → **continue** [*標籤名稱*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#label_name) _可選_
<!-- -->
> Fallthrough 語句語法
> *fallthrough語句* → **fallthrough**
<!-- -->
> Return 語句語法
> *return語句* → **return** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) _可選_
<a name="generic_parameters_and_arguments"></a>
## 泛型參數
> 泛型形參子句(Generic Parameter Clause) 語法
> *泛型參數子句* → **<** [*泛型參數列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_list) [*約束子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_clause) _可選_ **>**
> *泛型參數列表* → [*泛形參數*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter) | [*泛形參數*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter) **,** [*泛型參數列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_list)
> *泛形參數* → [*類型名稱*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_name)
> *泛形參數* → [*類型名稱*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_name) **:** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *泛形參數* → [*類型名稱*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_name) **:** [*協議合成類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type)
> *約束子句* → **where** [*約束列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_list)
> *約束列表* → [*約束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement) | [*約束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement) **,** [*約束列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_list)
> *約束* → [*一致性約束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#conformance_requirement) | [*同類型約束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#same_type_requirement)
> *一致性約束* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) **:** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *一致性約束* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) **:** [*協議合成類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type)
> *同類型約束* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) **==** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier)
<!-- -->
> 泛型實參子句語法
> *(泛型參數子句Generic Argument Clause)* → **<** [*泛型參數列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_list) **>**
> *泛型參數列表* → [*泛型參數*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument) | [*泛型參數*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument) **,** [*泛型參數列表*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_list)
> *泛型參數* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<a name="declarations"></a>
## 聲明 (Declarations)
> 聲明語法
> *聲明* → [*導入聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*常量聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#constant_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*變量聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*類型別名聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*函數聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*枚舉聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*結構體聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#struct_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*類聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#class_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*協議聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*構造器聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*析構器聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#deinitializer_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*擴展聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#extension_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*下標腳本聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_declaration)
> *聲明* → [*運算符聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#operator_declaration)
> *聲明(Declarations)列表* → [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration) [*聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可選_
> *聲明描述符(Specifiers)列表* → [*聲明描述符(Specifier)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifier) [*聲明描述符(Specifiers)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可選_
> *聲明描述符(Specifier)* → **class** | **mutating** | **nonmutating** | **override** | **static** | **unowned** | **unowned(safe)** | **unowned(unsafe)** | **weak**
<!-- -->
> 頂級(Top Level) 聲明語法
> *頂級聲明* → [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 代碼塊語法
> *代碼塊* → **{** [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements) _可選_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 導入(Import)聲明語法
> *導入聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **import** [*導入類型*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_kind) _可選_ [*導入路徑*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_path)
> *導入類型* → **typealias** | **struct** | **class** | **enum** | **protocol** | **var** | **func**
> *導入路徑* → [*導入路徑標識符*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_path_identifier) | [*導入路徑標識符*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_path_identifier) **.** [*導入路徑*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#import_path)
> *導入路徑標識符* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
<!-- -->
> 常數聲明語法
> *常量聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*聲明描述符(Specifiers)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可選_ **let** [*模式構造器列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *模式構造器列表* → [*模式構造器*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer) | [*模式構造器*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer) **,** [*模式構造器列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *模式構造器* → [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*構造器*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer) _可選_
> *構造器* → **=** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 變量聲明語法
> *變量聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*模式構造器列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *變量聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*變量名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *變量聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*變量名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_block)
> *變量聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*變量名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
> *變量聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*變量名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*構造器*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer) _可選_ [*willSet-didSet代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#willSet_didSet_block)
> *變量聲明頭(Head)* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*聲明描述符(Specifiers)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可選_ **var**
> *變量名稱* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *getter-setter塊* → **{** [*getter子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_clause) [*setter子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_clause) _可選_ **}**
> *getter-setter塊* → **{** [*setter子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_clause) [*getter子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_clause) **}**
> *getter子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **get** [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *setter子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **set** [*setter名稱*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可選_ [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *setter名稱* → **(** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **)**
> *getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊* → **{** [*getter關鍵字(Keyword)子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_keyword_clause) [*setter關鍵字(Keyword)子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_keyword_clause) _可選_ **}**
> *getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊* → **{** [*setter關鍵字(Keyword)子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_keyword_clause) [*getter關鍵字(Keyword)子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_keyword_clause) **}**
> *getter關鍵字(Keyword)子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **get**
> *setter關鍵字(Keyword)子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **set**
> *willSet-didSet代碼塊* → **{** [*willSet子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#willSet_clause) [*didSet子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#didSet_clause) _可選_ **}**
> *willSet-didSet代碼塊* → **{** [*didSet子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#didSet_clause) [*willSet子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#willSet_clause) **}**
> *willSet子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **willSet** [*setter名稱*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可選_ [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *didSet子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **didSet** [*setter名稱*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可選_ [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 類型別名聲明語法
> *類型別名聲明* → [*類型別名頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_head) [*類型別名賦值*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_assignment)
> *類型別名頭(Head)* → **typealias** [*類型別名名稱*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_name)
> *類型別名名稱* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *類型別名賦值* → **=** [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 函數聲明語法
> *函數聲明* → [*函數頭*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_head) [*函數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*函數簽名(Signature)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_signature) [*函數體*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_body)
> *函數頭* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*聲明描述符(Specifiers)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可選_ **func**
> *函數名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *函數簽名(Signature)* → [*parameter-clauses*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clauses) [*函數結果*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可選_
> *函數結果* → **->** [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
> *函數體* → [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *parameter-clauses* → [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*parameter-clauses*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clauses) _可選_
> *參數子句* → **(** **)** | **(** [*參數列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_list) **...** _可選_ **)**
> *參數列表* → [*參數*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter) | [*參數*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter) **,** [*參數列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_list)
> *參數* → **inout** _可選_ **let** _可選_ **#** _可選_ [*參數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_name) [*本地參數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#local_parameter_name) _可選_ [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*默認參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#default_argument_clause) _可選_
> *參數* → **inout** _可選_ **var** **#** _可選_ [*參數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_name) [*本地參數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#local_parameter_name) _可選_ [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*默認參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#default_argument_clause) _可選_
> *參數* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
> *參數名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | **_**
> *本地參數名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | **_**
> *默認參數子句* → **=** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 枚舉聲明語法
> *枚舉聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*聯合式枚舉*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum) | [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*原始值式枚舉*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum)
> *聯合式枚舉* → [*枚舉名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ **{** [*union-style-enum-members*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_members) _可選_ **}**
> *union-style-enum-members* → [*union-style-enum-member*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_member) [*union-style-enum-members*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_members) _可選_
> *union-style-enum-member* → [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration) | [*聯合式(Union Style)的枚舉case子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_clause)
> *聯合式(Union Style)的枚舉case子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **case** [*聯合式(Union Style)的枚舉case列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_list)
> *聯合式(Union Style)的枚舉case列表* → [*聯合式(Union Style)的case*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case) | [*聯合式(Union Style)的case*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case) **,** [*聯合式(Union Style)的枚舉case列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_list)
> *聯合式(Union Style)的case* → [*枚舉的case名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*元組類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type) _可選_
> *枚舉名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *枚舉的case名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *原始值式枚舉* → [*枚舉名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ **:** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) **{** [*原始值式枚舉成員列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_members) _可選_ **}**
> *原始值式枚舉成員列表* → [*原始值式枚舉成員*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_member) [*原始值式枚舉成員列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_members) _可選_
> *原始值式枚舉成員* → [*聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declaration) | [*原始值式枚舉case子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_clause)
> *原始值式枚舉case子句* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **case** [*原始值式枚舉case列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_list)
> *原始值式枚舉case列表* → [*原始值式枚舉case*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case) | [*原始值式枚舉case*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case) **,** [*原始值式枚舉case列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_list)
> *原始值式枚舉case* → [*枚舉的case名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*原始值賦值*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#raw_value_assignment) _可選_
> *原始值賦值* → **=** [*字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#literal)
<!-- -->
> 結構體聲明語法
> *結構體聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **struct** [*結構體名稱*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#struct_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*類型繼承子句*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可選_ [*結構體主體*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#struct_body)
> *結構體名稱* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *結構體主體* → **{** [*聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可選_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 類聲明語法
> *類聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **class** [*類名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#class_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*類型繼承子句*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可選_ [*類主體*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#class_body)
> *類名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *類主體* → **{** [*聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可選_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 協議(Protocol)聲明語法
> *協議聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **protocol** [*協議名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_name) [*類型繼承子句*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可選_ [*協議主體*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_body)
> *協議名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *協議主體* → **{** [*協議成員聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declarations) _可選_ **}**
> *協議成員聲明* → [*協議屬性聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_property_declaration)
> *協議成員聲明* → [*協議方法聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_method_declaration)
> *協議成員聲明* → [*協議構造器聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_initializer_declaration)
> *協議成員聲明* → [*協議下標腳本聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_subscript_declaration)
> *協議成員聲明* → [*協議關聯類型聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_associated_type_declaration)
> *協議成員聲明(Declarations)列表* → [*協議成員聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declaration) [*協議成員聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declarations) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 協議屬性聲明語法
> *協議屬性聲明* → [*變量聲明頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*變量名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
<!-- -->
> 協議方法聲明語法
> *協議方法聲明* → [*函數頭*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_head) [*函數名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*函數簽名(Signature)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_signature)
<!-- -->
> 協議構造器聲明語法
> *協議構造器聲明* → [*構造器頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer_head) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause)
<!-- -->
> 協議下標腳本聲明語法
> *協議下標腳本聲明* → [*下標腳本頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下標腳本結果(Result)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
<!-- -->
> 協議關聯類型聲明語法
> *協議關聯類型聲明* → [*類型別名頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_head) [*類型繼承子句*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可選_ [*類型別名賦值*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#typealias_assignment) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 構造器聲明語法
> *構造器聲明* → [*構造器頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer_head) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可選_ [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*構造器主體*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#initializer_body)
> *構造器頭(Head)* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **convenience** _可選_ **init**
> *構造器主體* → [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 析構器聲明語法
> *析構器聲明* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **deinit** [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 擴展(Extension)聲明語法
> *擴展聲明* → **extension** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) [*類型繼承子句*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可選_ [*extension-body*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#extension_body)
> *extension-body* → **{** [*聲明(Declarations)列表*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可選_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 下標腳本聲明語法
> *下標腳本聲明* → [*下標腳本頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下標腳本結果(Result)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*代碼塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *下標腳本聲明* → [*下標腳本頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下標腳本結果(Result)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_block)
> *下標腳本聲明* → [*下標腳本頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下標腳本結果(Result)*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter關鍵字(Keyword)塊*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
> *下標腳本頭(Head)* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **subscript** [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause)
> *下標腳本結果(Result)* → **->** [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 運算符聲明語法
> *運算符聲明* → [*前置運算符聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#prefix_operator_declaration) | [*後置運算符聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#postfix_operator_declaration) | [*中置運算符聲明*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#infix_operator_declaration)
> *前置運算符聲明* → **運算符** **prefix** [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** **}**
> *後置運算符聲明* → **運算符** **postfix** [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** **}**
> *中置運算符聲明* → **運算符** **infix** [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** [*中置運算符屬性*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#infix_operator_attributes) _可選_ **}**
> *中置運算符屬性* → [*優先級子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#precedence_clause) _可選_ [*結和性子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#associativity_clause) _可選_
> *優先級子句* → **precedence** [*優先級水平*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#precedence_level)
> *優先級水平* → 數值 0 到 255
> *結和性子句* → **associativity** [*結和性*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#associativity)
> *結和性* → **left** | **right** | **none**
<a name="patterns"></a>
## 模式
> 模式(Patterns) 語法
> *模式* → [*通配符模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#wildcard_pattern) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) _可選_
> *模式* → [*標識符模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#identifier_pattern) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotati(Value Binding)on) _可選_
> *模式* → [*值綁定模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#value_binding_pattern)
> *模式* → [*元組模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation) _可選_
> *模式* → [*enum-case-pattern*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#enum_case_pattern)
> *模式* → [*type-casting-pattern*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#type_casting_pattern)
> *模式* → [*表達式模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#expression_pattern)
<!-- -->
> 通配符模式語法
> *通配符模式* → **_**
<!-- -->
> 標識符模式語法
> *標識符模式* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 值綁定(Value Binding)模式語法
> *值綁定模式* → **var** [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) | **let** [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern)
<!-- -->
> 元組模式語法
> *元組模式* → **(** [*元組模式元素列表*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element_list) _可選_ **)**
> *元組模式元素列表* → [*元組模式元素*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element) | [*元組模式元素*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element) **,** [*元組模式元素列表*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element_list)
> *元組模式元素* → [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern)
<!-- -->
> 枚舉用例模式語法
> *enum-case-pattern* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) _可選_ **.** [*枚舉的case名*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*元組模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 類型轉換模式語法
> *type-casting-pattern* → [*is模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#is_pattern) | [*as模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#as_pattern)
> *is模式* → **is** [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
> *as模式* → [*模式*](..\chapter3\07_Patterns.html#pattern) **as** [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 表達式模式語法
> *表達式模式* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<a name="attributes"></a>
## 特性
> 特性語法
> *特色* → **@** [*特性名*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attribute_name) [*特性參數子句*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attribute_argument_clause) _可選_
> *特性名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *特性參數子句* → **(** [*平衡令牌列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可選_ **)**
> *特性(Attributes)列表* → [*特色*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attribute) [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_
> *平衡令牌列表* → [*平衡令牌*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_token) [*平衡令牌列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可選_
> *平衡令牌* → **(** [*平衡令牌列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可選_ **)**
> *平衡令牌* → **[** [*平衡令牌列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可選_ **]**
> *平衡令牌* → **{** [*平衡令牌列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可選_ **}**
> *平衡令牌* → **任意標識符, 關鍵字, 字面量或運算符**
> *平衡令牌* → **任意標點除了(, ), [, ], {, 或 }**
<a name="expressions"></a>
## 表達式
> 表達式語法
> *表達式* → [*前置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression) [*二元表達式列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#binary_expressions) _可選_
> *表達式列表* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **,** [*表達式列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_list)
<!-- -->
> 前置表達式語法
> *前置表達式* → [*前置運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#prefix_operator) _可選_ [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression)
> *前置表達式* → [*寫入寫出(in-out)表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#in_out_expression)
> *寫入寫出(in-out)表達式* → **&** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 二元表達式語法
> *二元表達式* → [*二元運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_operator) [*前置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表達式* → [*賦值運算符*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#assignment_operator) [*前置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表達式* → [*條件運算符*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#conditional_operator) [*前置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表達式* → [*類型轉換運算符*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#type_casting_operator)
> *二元表達式列表* → [*二元表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#binary_expression) [*二元表達式列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#binary_expressions) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 賦值運算符語法
> *賦值運算符* → **=**
<!-- -->
> 三元條件運算符語法
> *三元條件運算符* → **?** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **:**
<!-- -->
> 類型轉換運算符語法
> *類型轉換運算符* → **is** [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) | **as** **?** _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 主表達式語法
> *主表達式* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可選_
> *主表達式* → [*字面量表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#literal_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*self表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#self_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*超類表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#superclass_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*閉包表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#closure_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*圓括號表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*隱式成員表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#implicit_member_expression)
> *主表達式* → [*通配符表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#wildcard_expression)
<!-- -->
> 字面量表達式語法
> *字面量表達式* → [*字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#literal)
> *字面量表達式* → [*數組字面量*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#array_literal) | [*字典字面量*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal)
> *字面量表達式* → **&#95;&#95;FILE&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;LINE&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;COLUMN&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;FUNCTION&#95;&#95;**
> *數組字面量* → **[** [*數組字面量項列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#array_literal_items) _可選_ **]**
> *數組字面量項列表* → [*數組字面量項*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#array_literal_item) **,** _可選_ | [*數組字面量項*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#array_literal_item) **,** [*數組字面量項列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#array_literal_items)
> *數組字面量項* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
> *字典字面量* → **[** [*字典字面量項列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_items) **]** | **[** **:** **]**
> *字典字面量項列表* → [*字典字面量項*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_item) **,** _可選_ | [*字典字面量項*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_item) **,** [*字典字面量項列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_items)
> *字典字面量項* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **:** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> Self 表達式語法
> *self表達式* → **self**
> *self表達式* → **self** **.** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *self表達式* → **self** **[** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *self表達式* → **self** **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 超類表達式語法
> *超類表達式* → [*超類方法表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#superclass_method_expression) | [*超類下標表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#超類下標表達式) | [*超類構造器表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#superclass_initializer_expression)
> *超類方法表達式* → **super** **.** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *超類下標表達式* → **super** **[** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *超類構造器表達式* → **super** **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 閉包表達式語法
> *閉包表達式* → **{** [*閉包簽名(Signational)*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#closure_signature) _可選_ [*多條語句(Statements)*](..\chapter3\10_Statements.html#statements) **}**
> *閉包簽名(Signational)* → [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*函數結果*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可選_ **in**
> *閉包簽名(Signational)* → [*標識符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list) [*函數結果*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可選_ **in**
> *閉包簽名(Signational)* → [*捕獲(Capature)列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#capture_list) [*參數子句*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*函數結果*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可選_ **in**
> *閉包簽名(Signational)* → [*捕獲(Capature)列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#capture_list) [*標識符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list) [*函數結果*](..\chapter3\05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可選_ **in**
> *閉包簽名(Signational)* → [*捕獲(Capature)列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#capture_list) **in**
> *捕獲(Capature)列表* → **[** [*捕獲(Capature)說明符*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#capture_specifier) [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *捕獲(Capature)說明符* → **weak** | **unowned** | **unowned(safe)** | **unowned(unsafe)**
<!-- -->
> 隱式成員表達式語法
> *隱式成員表達式* → **.** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 圓括號表達式(Parenthesized Expression)語法
> *圓括號表達式* → **(** [*表達式元素列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_element_list) _可選_ **)**
> *表達式元素列表* → [*表達式元素*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_element) | [*表達式元素*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_element) **,** [*表達式元素列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_element_list)
> *表達式元素* → [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **:** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 通配符表達式語法
> *通配符表達式* → **_**
<!-- -->
> 後置表達式語法
> *後置表達式* → [*主表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#primary_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*後置運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#postfix_operator)
> *後置表達式* → [*函數調用表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#function_call_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*構造器表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#initializer_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*顯示成員表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#explicit_member_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*後置self表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_self_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*動態類型表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#dynamic_type_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*下標表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#subscript_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*強制取值(Forced Value)表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#forced_value_expression)
> *後置表達式* → [*可選鏈(Optional Chaining)表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#optional_chaining_expression)
<!-- -->
> 函數調用表達式語法
> *函數調用表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*圓括號表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression)
> *函數調用表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*圓括號表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression) _可選_ [*後置閉包(Trailing Closure)*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#trailing_closure)
> *後置閉包(Trailing Closure)* → [*閉包表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#closure_expression)
<!-- -->
> 構造器表達式語法
> *構造器表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 顯式成員表達式語法
> *顯示成員表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** [*十進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit)
> *顯示成員表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 後置Self 表達式語法
> *後置self表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **self**
<!-- -->
> 動態類型表達式語法
> *動態類型表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **dynamicType**
<!-- -->
> 附屬腳本表達式語法
> *附屬腳本表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **[** [*表達式列表*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression_list) **]**
<!-- -->
> 強制取值(Forced Value)語法
> *強制取值(Forced Value)表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **!**
<!-- -->
> 可選鏈表達式語法
> *可選鏈表達式* → [*後置表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **?**
<a name="lexical_structure"></a>
## 詞法結構
> 標識符語法
> *標識符* → [*標識符頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head) [*標識符字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可選_
> *標識符* → **`** [*標識符頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head) [*標識符字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可選_ **`**
> *標識符* → [*隱式參數名*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#implicit_parameter_name)
> *標識符列表* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **,** [*標識符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list)
> *標識符頭(Head)* → Upper- or lowercase letter A through Z
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+00A8, U+00AA, U+00AD, U+00AF, U+00B2–U+00B5, or U+00B7–U+00BA
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+00BC–U+00BE, U+00C0–U+00D6, U+00D8–U+00F6, or U+00F8–U+00FF
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+0100–U+02FF, U+0370–U+167F, U+1681–U+180D, or U+180F–U+1DBF
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+1E00–U+1FFF
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+200B–U+200D, U+202A–U+202E, U+203F–U+2040, U+2054, or U+2060–U+206F
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+2070–U+20CF, U+2100–U+218F, U+2460–U+24FF, or U+2776–U+2793
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+2C00–U+2DFF or U+2E80–U+2FFF
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+3004–U+3007, U+3021–U+302F, U+3031–U+303F, or U+3040–U+D7FF
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+F900–U+FD3D, U+FD40–U+FDCF, U+FDF0–U+FE1F, or U+FE30–U+FE44
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+FE47–U+FFFD
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+10000–U+1FFFD, U+20000–U+2FFFD, U+30000–U+3FFFD, or U+40000–U+4FFFD
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+50000–U+5FFFD, U+60000–U+6FFFD, U+70000–U+7FFFD, or U+80000–U+8FFFD
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+90000–U+9FFFD, U+A0000–U+AFFFD, U+B0000–U+BFFFD, or U+C0000–U+CFFFD
> *標識符頭(Head)* → U+D0000–U+DFFFD or U+E0000–U+EFFFD
> *標識符字符* → 數值 0 到 9
> *標識符字符* → U+0300–U+036F, U+1DC0–U+1DFF, U+20D0–U+20FF, or U+FE20–U+FE2F
> *標識符字符* → [*標識符頭(Head)*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head)
> *標識符字符列表* → [*標識符字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_character) [*標識符字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可選_
> *隱式參數名* → **$** [*十進制數字列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digits)
<!-- -->
> 字面量語法
> *字面量* → [*整型字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#integer_literal) | [*浮點數字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_literal) | [*字符串字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#string_literal)
<!-- -->
> 整型字面量語法
> *整型字面量* → [*二進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*八進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*十進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*十六進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal)
> *二進制字面量* → **0b** [*二進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_digit) [*二進制字面量字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_characters) _可選_
> *二進制數字* → 數值 0 到 1
> *二進制字面量字符* → [*二進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_digit) | **_**
> *二進制字面量字符列表* → [*二進制字面量字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_character) [*二進制字面量字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_characters) _可選_
> *八進制字面量* → **0o** [*八進字數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_digit) [*八進制字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_characters) _可選_
> *八進字數字* → 數值 0 到 7
> *八進制字符* → [*八進字數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_digit) | **_**
> *八進制字符列表* → [*八進制字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_character) [*八進制字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_characters) _可選_
> *十進制字面量* → [*十進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) [*十進制字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_characters) _可選_
> *十進制數字* → 數值 0 到 9
> *十進制數字列表* → [*十進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) [*十進制數字列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digits) _可選_
> *十進制字符* → [*十進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) | **_**
> *十進制字符列表* → [*十進制字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_character) [*十進制字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_characters) _可選_
> *十六進制字面量* → **0x** [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制字面量字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_characters) _可選_
> *十六進制數字* → 數值 0 到 9, a through f, or A through F
> *十六進制字符* → [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) | **_**
> *十六進制字面量字符列表* → [*十六進制字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_character) [*十六進制字面量字符列表*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_characters) _可選_
<!-- -->
> 浮點型字面量語法
> *浮點數字面量* → [*十進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal) [*十進制分數*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_fraction) _可選_ [*十進制指數*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_exponent) _可選_
> *浮點數字面量* → [*十六進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal) [*十六進制分數*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_fraction) _可選_ [*十六進制指數*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_exponent)
> *十進制分數* → **.** [*十進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *十進制指數* → [*浮點數e*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_e) [*正負號*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#sign) _可選_ [*十進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *十六進制分數* → **.** [*十六進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal) _可選_
> *十六進制指數* → [*浮點數p*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_p) [*正負號*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#sign) _可選_ [*十六進制字面量*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal)
> *浮點數e* → **e** | **E**
> *浮點數p* → **p** | **P**
> *正負號* → **+** | **-**
<!-- -->
> 字符型字面量語法
> *字符串字面量* → **"** [*引用文本*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text) **"**
> *引用文本* → [*引用文本條目*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text_item) [*引用文本*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text) _可選_
> *引用文本條目* → [*轉義字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#escaped_character)
> *引用文本條目* → **\(** [*表達式*](..\chapter3\04_Expressions.html#expression) **)**
> *引用文本條目* → 除了"-, \-, U+000A, or U+000D的所有Unicode的字符
> *轉義字符* → **\0** | **\\** | **\t** | **\n** | **\r** | **\"** | **\'**
> *轉義字符* → **\x** [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit)
> *轉義字符* → **\u** [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit)
> *轉義字符* → **\U** [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六進制數字*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit)
<!-- -->
> 運算符語法語法
> *運算符* → [*運算符字符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator_character) [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) _可選_
> *運算符字符* → **/** | **=** | **-** | **+** | **!** | **&#42;** | **%** | **<** | **>** | **&** | **|** | **^** | **~** | **.**
> *二元運算符* → [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *前置運算符* → [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *後置運算符* → [*運算符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
<a name="types"></a>
## 類型
> 類型語法
> *類型* → [*數組類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#array_type) | [*函數類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#function_type) | [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) | [*元組類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type) | [*可選類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#optional_type) | [*隱式解析可選類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#implicitly_unwrapped_optional_type) | [*協議合成類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type) | [*元型類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#metatype_type)
<!-- -->
> 類型註解語法
> *類型註解* → **:** [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 類型標識語法
> *類型標識* → [*類型名稱*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可選_ | [*類型名稱*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_name) [*泛型參數子句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可選_ **.** [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *類名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
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> 元組類型語法
> *元組類型* → **(** [*元組類型主體*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type_body) _可選_ **)**
> *元組類型主體* → [*元組類型的元素列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type_element_list) **...** _可選_
> *元組類型的元素列表* → [*元組類型的元素*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type_element) | [*元組類型的元素*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type_element) **,** [*元組類型的元素列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#tuple_type_element_list)
> *元組類型的元素* → [*特性(Attributes)列表*](..\chapter3\06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可選_ **inout** _可選_ [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) | **inout** _可選_ [*元素名*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#element_name) [*類型註解*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_annotation)
> *元素名* → [*標識符*](..\chapter3\02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 函數類型語法
> *函數類型* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **->** [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 數組類型語法
> *數組類型* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **[** **]** | [*數組類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#array_type) **[** **]**
<!-- -->
> 可選類型語法
> *可選類型* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **?**
<!-- -->
> 隱式解析可選類型(Implicitly Unwrapped Optional Type)語法
> *隱式解析可選類型* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **!**
<!-- -->
> 協議合成類型語法
> *協議合成類型* → **protocol** **<** [*協議標識符列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_identifier_list) _可選_ **>**
> *協議標識符列表* → [*協議標識符*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_identifier) | [*協議標識符*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_identifier) **,** [*協議標識符列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#protocol_identifier_list)
> *協議標識符* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier)
<!-- -->
> 元(Metatype)類型語法
> *元類型* → [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **.** **Type** | [*類型*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type) **.** **Protocol**
<!-- -->
> 類型繼承子句語法
> *類型繼承子句* → **:** [*類型繼承列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_list)
> *類型繼承列表* → [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) | [*類型標識*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_identifier) **,** [*類型繼承列表*](..\chapter3\03_Types.html#type_inheritance_list)
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