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BqLin 4a8365d78c 统一中文括号使用，更新目录 (#783) 
* 更新 01_The_Basics 目录

* 右后 01_The_Basics.md 目录层级，只显示二级目录

* 中文语句中统一使用中文括号

* 更新目录
2018-05-07 19:22:47 +08:00

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# 语法总结（Summary of the Grammar）
-----
> 1.0
> 翻译：[stanzhai](https://github.com/stanzhai)
> 校对：[xielingwang](https://github.com/xielingwang)
> 2.0
> 翻译+校对：[miaosiqi](https://github.com/miaosiqi)
> 4.1
> 翻译+校对：[mylittleswift](https://github.com/mylittleswift)
本页包含内容：
* [语句（Statements）](#statements)
* [泛型参数（Generic Parameters and Arguments）](#generic_parameters_and_arguments)
* [声明（Declarations）](#declarations)
* [模式（Patterns）](#patterns)
* [属性（Attributes）](#attributes)
* [表达式（Expressions）](#expressions)
* [词法结构（Lexical Structure）](#lexical_structure)
* [类型（Types）](#types)
<a name="statements"></a>
## 语句
> 语句语法
>
> *语句* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*循环语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#loop_statement) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*分支语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#branch_statement) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*标记语句（Labeled Statement）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#labeled_statement)
> *语句* → [*控制转移语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#control_transfer_statement) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*延迟语句*](TODO) **;** _可选_
> *语句* → [*执行语句*](TODO) **;** _可选_
> *多条语句（Statements）* → [*语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statement) [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 循环语句语法
>
> *循环语句* → [*for 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#for_statement)
> *循环语句* → [*for-in 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#for_in_statement)
> *循环语句* → [*while 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#wheetatype 类型 ile_statement)
> *循环语句* → [*repeat-while 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#do_while_statement)
<!-- -->
> For 循环语法
>
> *for 语句* → **for** [*for 初始条件*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#for_init) _可选_ **;** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) _可选_ **;** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) _可选_ [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *for 语句* → **for** **(** [*for 初始条件*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#for_init) _可选_ **;** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) _可选_ **;** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) _可选_ **)** [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *for 初始条件* → [*变量声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration) | [*表达式集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_list)
<!-- -->
> For-In 循环语法
>
> *for-in 语句* → **for case** _可选_ [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) **in** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block) [*where 从句*](TODO) _可选_
<!-- -->
> While 循环语法
>
> *while 语句* → **while** [*条件从句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#while_condition) [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *条件从句* → [*表达式*](TODO)
> *条件从句* → [*表达式*](TODO) *,* [*表达式集*]()
> *条件从句* → [*表达式集*](TODO)
> *条件从句* → [*可用条件（availability-condition*）](TODO) *|* [*表达式集*]()
> *条件集* → [*条件*](TODO) *|* [*条件*](TODO) *,* [*条件集*]()
> *条件* → [*可用条件（availability-condition）*](TODO) *|* [*个例条件（case-condition）*](TODO) *|* [*可选绑定条件（optional-binding-condition）*](TODO)
> *个例条件（case-condition）* → **case** [*模式*](TODO) [*构造器*](TODO) [*where 从句*](TODO)_可选_
> *可选绑定条件（optional-binding-condition）* → [*可选绑定头（optional-binding-head）*](TODO) [*可选绑定连续集（optional-binding-continuation-list）*](TODO) _可选_ [*where 从句*](TODO) _可选_
> *可选绑定头（optional-binding-head）* → **let** [*模式 构造器*](TODO) *|* **var** [*模式 构造器*](TODO)
> *可选绑定连续集（optional-binding-contiuation-list）* → [*可选绑定连续（optional-binding-contiuation）*](TODO) *|* [*可选绑定连续（optional-binding-contiuation）*](TODO) *，* [*可选绑定连续集（optional-binding-contiuation-list）*](TODO)
> *可选绑定连续（optional-binding-continuation）* → [*模式 构造器*](TODO) *|* [*可选绑定头（optional-binding-head）*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> Repeat-While 语句语法
>
*repeat-while-statement* → **repeat** [*代码块*](TODO) **while** [*表达式*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 分支语句语法
>
> *分支语句* → [*if 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#if_statement)
> *分支语句* → [*guard 语句*](TODO)
> *分支语句* → [*switch 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#switch_statement)
<!-- -->
> If 语句语法
>
> *if 语句* → **if** [*条件从句*](TODO) [*代码块*](TODO) [*else 从句（Clause）*](TODO) _可选_
> *else 从句（Clause）* → **else** [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block) | **else** [*if 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#if_statement)
<!-- -->
> Guard 语句语法
>
> *guard 语句* → **guard** [*条件从句*](TODO) **else** [*代码块*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> Switch 语句语法
>
> *switch 语句* → **switch** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **{** [*SwitchCase*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#switch_cases) _可选_ **}**
> *SwitchCase 集* → [*SwitchCase*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#switch_case) [*SwitchCase 集*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#switch_cases) _可选_
> *SwitchCase* → [*case 标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#case_label) [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements) | [*default 标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#default_label) [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements)
> *SwitchCase* → [*case 标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#case_label) **;** | [*default 标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#default_label) **;**
> *case 标签* → **case** [*case 项集*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#case_item_list) **:**
> *case 项集* → [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*where-clause*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#guard_clause) _可选_ | [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*where-clause*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#guard_clause) _可选_ **,** [*case 项集*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#case_item_list)
> *default 标签* → **default** **:**
> *where 从句* → **where** [*where 表达式*](TODO)
> *where 表达式* → [*表达式*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 标记语句语法
>
> *标记语句（Labeled Statement）* → [*语句标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statement_label) [*循环语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#loop_statement) | [*语句标签*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statement_label) [*if 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#switch_statement) | [*语句标签*](TODY) [*switch 语句*](TODY)
> *语句标签* → [*标签名称*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#label_name) **:**
> *标签名称* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 控制传递语句（Control Transfer Statement）语法
>
> *控制传递语句* → [*break 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#break_statement)
> *控制传递语句* → [*continue 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#continue_statement)
> *控制传递语句* → [*fallthrough 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#fallthrough_statement)
> *控制传递语句* → [*return 语句*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#return_statement)
> *控制传递语句* → [*throw 语句*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> Break 语句语法
>
> *break 语句* → **break** [*标签名称*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#label_name) _可选_
<!-- -->
> Continue 语句语法
>
> *continue 语句* → **continue** [*标签名称*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#label_name) _可选_
<!-- -->
> Fallthrough 语句语法
>
> *fallthrough 语句* → **fallthrough**
<!-- -->
> Return 语句语法
>
> *return 语句* → **return** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 可用条件（Availability Condition）语法
>
> *可用条件（availability-condition）* → **#available** **(** [*多可用参数*(availability-arguments)](TODO) **)**
> *多可用参数（availability- arguments）* → [*可用参数（availability-argument）*](TODO)|[*可用参数（availability-argument）*](TODO) , [多可用参数（availability-arguments）](TODO)
> *可用参数（availability- argument）* → [*平台名（platform-name）*](TODO) [*平台版本（platform-version）*](TODO)
> *可用参数（availability- argument）* → *
>
> *平台名* → **iOS** | **iOSApplicationExtension**
> *平台名* → **OSX** | **macOSApplicationExtension**
> *平台名* → **watchOS**
> *平台名* → **tvOS**
> *平台版本* → [*十进制数（decimal-digits）*](TODO)
> *平台版本* → [*十进制数（decimal-digits）*](TODO) . [*十进制数（decimal-digits）*](TODO)
> *平台版本* → [*十进制数（decimal-digits）*](TODO) **.** [*十进制数（decimal-digits）*](TODO) **.** [*十进制数（decimal-digits)*](TODO))
<!-- -->
> 抛出语句（Throw Statement）语法
>
> *抛出语句（throw-statement）* → **throw** [*表达式（expression）*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 延迟语句（defer-statement）语法
>
> *延迟语句（defer-statement）* → **defer** [*代码块*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 执行语句（do-statement）语法
>
> *执行语句（do-statement）* → **do** [*代码块*](TODO) [*catch-clauses*](TODO) _可选_
> *catch-clauses* → [*catch-clause*](TODO) [*catch-clauses*](TODO) _可选_
> *catch-clauses* → **catch** [*模式（pattern）*](TODO) _可选_ [*where-clause*](TODO) _可选_ [*代码块（code-block）*](TODO) _可选_
<a name="generic_parameters_and_arguments"></a>
## 泛型参数
> 泛型形参从句（Generic Parameter Clause）语法
>
> *泛型参数从句* → **<** [*泛型参数集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_list) [*约束从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_clause) _可选_ **>**
> *泛型参数集* → [*泛形参数*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter) | [*泛形参数*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter) **,** [*泛型参数集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_list)
> *泛形参数* → [*类型名称*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_name)
> *泛形参数* → [*类型名称*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_name) **:** [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *泛形参数* → [*类型名称*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_name) **:** [*协议合成类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type)
> *约束从句* → **where** [*约束集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_list)
> *约束集* → [*约束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement) | [*约束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement) **,** [*约束集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#requirement_list)
> *约束* → [*一致性约束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#conformance_requirement) | [*同类型约束*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#same_type_requirement)
> *一致性约束* → [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) **:** [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *一致性约束* → [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) **:** [*协议合成类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type)
> *同类型约束* → [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) **==** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier)
<!-- -->
> 泛型实参从句语法
>
> *(泛型参数从句 Generic Argument Clause)* → **<** [*泛型参数集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_list) **>**
> *泛型参数集* → [*泛型参数*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument) | [*泛型参数*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument) **,** [*泛型参数集*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_list)
> *泛型参数* → [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<a name="declarations"></a>
## 声明（Declarations）
> 声明语法
>
> *声明* → [*导入声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_declaration)
> *声明* → [*常量声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#constant_declaration)
> *声明* → [*变量声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration)
> *声明* → [*类型别名声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_declaration)
> *声明* → [*函数声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_declaration)
> *声明* → [*枚举声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_declaration)
> *声明* → [*结构体声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#struct_declaration)
> *声明* → [*类声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#class_declaration)
> *声明* → [*协议声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_declaration)
> *声明* → [*构造器声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer_declaration)
> *声明* → [*析构器声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#deinitializer_declaration)
> *声明* → [*扩展声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#extension_declaration)
> *声明* → [*下标声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_declaration)
> *声明* → [*运算符声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#operator_declaration)
> *声明（Declarations）集* → [*声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration) [*声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 顶级（Top Level）声明语法
>
> *顶级声明* → [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 代码块语法
>
> *代码块* → **{** [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements) _可选_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 导入（Import）声明语法
>
> *导入声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **import** [*导入类型*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_kind) _可选_ [*导入路径*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_path)
> *导入类型* → **typealias** | **struct** | **class** | **enum** | **protocol** | **var** | **func**
> *导入路径* → [*导入路径标识符*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_path_identifier) | [*导入路径标识符*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_path_identifier) **.** [*导入路径*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#import_path)
> *导入路径标识符* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
<!-- -->
> 常数声明语法
>
> *常量声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改符（Modifiers）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可选_ **let** [*模式构造器集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *模式构造器集* → [*模式构造器*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer) | [*模式构造器*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer) **,** [*模式构造器集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *模式构造器* → [*模式*](../ chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) [*构造器*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer) _可选_
> *构造器* → **=** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 变量声明语法
>
> *变量声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*模式构造器集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#pattern_initializer_list)
> *变量声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*变量名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *变量声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*变量名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter 块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_block)
> *变量声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*变量名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
> *变量声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*变量名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*构造器*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer) _可选_ [*willSet-didSet 代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#willSet_didSet_block)
> *变量声明头（Head）* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改符（Modifers）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可选_ **var**
> *变量名称* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *getter-setter 块* → **{** [*getter 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_clause) [*setter 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_clause) _可选_ **}**
> *getter-setter 块* → **{** [*setter 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_clause) [*getter 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_clause) **}**
> *getter 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **get** [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *setter 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **set** [*setter 名称*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可选_ [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *setter 名称* → **(** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **)**
> *getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块* → **{** [*getter 关键字（Keyword）从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_keyword_clause) [*setter 关键字（Keyword）从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_keyword_clause) _可选_ **}**
> *getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块* → **{** [*setter 关键字（Keyword）从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_keyword_clause) [*getter 关键字（Keyword）从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_keyword_clause) **}**
> *getter 关键字（Keyword）从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **get**
> *setter 关键字（Keyword）从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **set**
> *willSet-didSet 代码块* → **{** [*willSet 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#willSet_clause) [*didSet 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#didSet_clause) _可选_ **}**
> *willSet-didSet 代码块* → **{** [*didSet 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#didSet_clause) [*willSet 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#willSet_clause) **}**
> *willSet 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **willSet** [*setter 名称*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可选_ [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *didSet 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_
**didSet** [*setter 名称*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#setter_name) _可选_ [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 类型别名声明语法
>
> *类型别名声明* → [*类型别名头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_head) [*类型别名赋值*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_assignment)
> *类型别名头（Head）* → [*属性*](TODO) _可选_ [*访问级别修改符（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) **typealias** [*类型别名名称*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_name)
> *类型别名名称* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *类型别名赋值* → **=** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 函数声明语法
>
> *函数声明* → [*函数头*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_head) [*函数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*函数签名（Signature）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_signature) [*函数体*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_body)
> *函数头* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明描述符（Specifiers）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration_specifiers) _可选_ **func**
> *函数名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *函数签名（Signature）* → [*parameter-clauses*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clauses) **throws** _可选_ [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_
> *函数签名（Signature）* → [*parameter-clauses*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clauses) **rethrows** [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_
> *函数结果* → **->** [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *函数体* → [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *参数从句* → [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*parameter-clauses*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clauses) _可选_
> *参数从句* → **(** **)** | **(** [*参数集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_list) **...** _可选_ **)**
> *参数集* → [*参数*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter) | [*参数*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter) **,** [*参数集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_list)
> *参数* → **inout** _可选_ **let** _可选_ [*外部参数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_name) _可选_ [*本地参数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#local_parameter_name) _可选_ [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*默认参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#default_argument_clause) _可选_
> *参数* → **inout** _可选_ **var** [*外部参数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_name) [*本地参数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#local_parameter_name) _可选_ [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*默认参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#default_argument_clause) _可选_
> *参数* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *外部参数名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | **_**
> *本地参数名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | **_**
> *默认参数从句* → **=** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 枚举声明语法
>
> *枚举声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*访问级别修改器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) _可选_ [*联合式枚举*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum)
> *枚举声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*访问级别修改器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) _可选_ [*原始值式枚举（raw-value-style-enum）*](TODO)
> *联合式枚举* → **enum** [*枚举名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*类型继承从句（type-inheritance-clause）*](TODO) _可选_ **{** [*联合样式枚举成员*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_members) _可选_ **}**
> *联合样式枚举成员* → [*union-style-enum-member*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_member) [*联合样式枚举成员*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_members) _可选_
> *联合样式枚举成员* → [*声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration) | [*联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_clause)
> *联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **case** [*联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case 集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_list)
> *联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case 集* → [*联合式（Union Style）的 case*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case) | [*联合式（Union Style）的 case*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case) **,** [*联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case 集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#union_style_enum_case_list)
> *联合式（Union Style）的枚举 case* → [*枚举的 case 名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*元组类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type) _可选_
> *枚举名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *枚举的 case 名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *原始值式枚举* → **enum** [*枚举名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ **:** [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) **{** [*原始值式枚举成员集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_members) _可选_ **}**
> *原始值式枚举成员集* → [*原始值式枚举成员*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_member) [*原始值式枚举成员集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_members) _可选_
> *原始值式枚举成员* → [*声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declaration) | [*原始值式枚举 case 从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_clause)
> *原始值式枚举 case 从句* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **case** [*原始值式枚举 case 集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_list)
> *原始值式枚举 case 集* → [*原始值式枚举 case*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case) | [*原始值式枚举 case*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case) **,** [*原始值式枚举 case 集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_style_enum_case_list)
> *原始值式枚举 case* → [*枚举的 case 名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*原始值赋值*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#raw_value_assignment) _可选_
> *原始值赋值* → **=** [*字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#literal)
> *原始值字面量（raw-value-literal）* → [*数值字面量*](TODO) | [*字符串字面量*](TODO) | [*布尔字面量*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 结构体声明语法
>
> *结构体声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*访问级别修改器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) _可选_ **struct** [*结构体名称*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#struct_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*类型继承从句*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可选_ [*结构体主体*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#struct_body)
> *结构体名称* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *结构体主体* → **{** [*声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可选_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 类声明语法
>
> *类声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*访问级别修改器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) **class** [*类名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#class_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*类型继承从句*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可选_ [*类主体*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#class_body)
> *类名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *类主体* → **{** [*声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可选_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 协议（Protocol）声明语法
>
> *协议声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_[*访问级别修改器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO) **protocol** [*协议名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_name) [*类型继承从句*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可选_ [*协议主体*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_body)
> *协议名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *协议主体* → **{** [*协议成员声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declarations) _可选_ **}**
> *协议成员声明* → [*协议属性声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_property_declaration)
> *协议成员声明* → [*协议方法声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_method_declaration)
> *协议成员声明* → [*协议构造器声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_initializer_declaration)
> *协议成员声明* → [*协议下标声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_subscript_declaration)
> *协议成员声明* → [*协议关联类型声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_associated_type_declaration)
> *协议成员声明（Declarations）集* → [*协议成员声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declaration) [*协议成员声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#protocol_member_declarations) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 协议属性声明语法
>
> *协议属性声明* → [*变量声明头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_declaration_head) [*变量名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#variable_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) [*getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
<!-- -->
> 协议方法声明语法
>
> *协议方法声明* → [*函数头*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_head) [*函数名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*函数签名（Signature）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_signature)
<!-- -->
> 协议构造器声明语法
>
> *协议构造器声明* → [*构造器头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer_head) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause)
<!-- -->
> 协议下标声明语法
>
> *协议下标声明* → [*下标头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下标结果（Result）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
<!-- -->
> 协议关联类型声明语法
>
> *协议关联类型声明* → [*类型别名头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_head) [*类型继承从句*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可选_ [*类型别名赋值*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#typealias_assignment) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 构造器声明语法
>
> *构造器声明* → [*构造器头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer_head) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_parameter_clause) _可选_ [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*构造器主体*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#initializer_body)
> *构造器头（Head）* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改器集（declaration-modifiers）*](TODO) _可选_ **init**
> *构造器头（Head）* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改器集（declaration-modifiers）*](TODO) _可选_ **init ?**
> *构造器头（Head）* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改器集（declaration-modifiers）*](TODO) _可选_ **init !**
> *构造器主体* → [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 析构器声明语法
>
> *析构器声明* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **deinit** [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
<!-- -->
> 扩展（Extension）声明语法
>
> *扩展声明* → [*访问级别修改器*](TODO) _可选_ **extension** [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) [*类型继承从句*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_clause) _可选_ [*extension-body*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#extension_body)
> *extension-body* → **{** [*声明（Declarations）集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#declarations) _可选_ **}**
<!-- -->
> 下标声明语法
>
> *下标声明* → [*下标头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下标结果（Result）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*代码块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#code_block)
> *下标声明* → [*下标头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下标结果（Result）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter 块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_block)
> *下标声明* → [*下标头（Head）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_head) [*下标结果（Result）*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#subscript_result) [*getter-setter 关键字（Keyword）块*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#getter_setter_keyword_block)
> *下标头（Head）* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*声明修改器（declaration-modifiers）*](TODO) _可选_ **subscript** [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause)
> *下标结果（Result）* → **->** [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 运算符声明语法
>
> *运算符声明* → [*前置运算符声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#prefix_operator_declaration) | [*后置运算符声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#postfix_operator_declaration) | [*中置运算符声明*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#infix_operator_declaration)
> *前置运算符声明* → **prefix** **运算符** [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** **}**
> *后置运算符声明* → **postfix** **运算符** [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** **}**
> *中置运算符声明* → **infix** **运算符** [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) **{** [*中置运算符属性集*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#infix_operator_attributes) _可选_ **}**
> *中置运算符属性集* → [*优先级从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#precedence_clause) _可选_ [*结和性从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#associativity_clause) _可选_
> *优先级从句* → **precedence** [*优先级水平*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#precedence_level)
> *优先级水平* → 数值 0 到 255，首末项包括在内
> *结和性从句* → **associativity** [*结和性*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#associativity)
> *结和性* → **left** | **right** | **none**
<!-- -->
> 声明修改器语法
>
> *声明修改器* → **类** | **便捷（convenience）** | **动态（dynamic）** | **final** | **中置（infix）** | **lazy** | **可变（mutating）** | **不可变（nonmutating）** | **可选（optional）** | **改写（override）** | **后置** | **前置** | **required** | **static** | **unowned** | **unowned(safe)** | **unowned(unsafe)** | **弱（weak）**
> *声明修改器* → [*访问级别声明器（access-level-modifier）*](TODO)
> *声明修改集* → [*声明修改器*](TODO) [*声明修改器集*](TODO) _可选_
> *访问级别修改器* → **内部的** | **内部的（set）**
> *访问级别修改器* → **私有的** | **私有的（set）**
> *访问级别修改器* → **公共的**
| **公共的（set）**
> *访问级别修改器集* →[*访问级别修改器*](TODO) [*访问级别修改器集*](TODO) _可选_
<a name="patterns"></a>
## 模式
> 模式（Patterns）语法
>
> *模式* → [*通配符模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#wildcard_pattern) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) _可选_
> *模式* → [*标识符模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#identifier_pattern) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotati Value Bindingon ) _可选_
> *模式* → [*值绑定模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#value_binding_pattern)
> *模式* → [*元组模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation) _可选_
>
> *模式* → [*枚举个例模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#enum_case_pattern)
> *模式* → [*可选模式*](TODO)
> *模式* → [*类型转换模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#type_casting_pattern)
> *模式* → [*表达式模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#expression_pattern)
<!-- -->
> 通配符模式语法
>
> *通配符模式* → **_**
<!-- -->
> 标识符模式语法
>
> *标识符模式* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 值绑定（Value Binding）模式语法
>
> *值绑定模式* → **var** [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) | **let** [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern)
<!-- -->
> 元组模式语法
>
> *元组模式* → **(** [*元组模式元素集*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element_list) _可选_ **)**
> *元组模式元素集* → [*元组模式元素*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element) | [*元组模式元素*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element) **,** [*元组模式元素集*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern_element_list)
> *元组模式元素* → [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern)
<!-- -->
> 枚举用例模式语法
>
> *enum-case-pattern* → [*类型标识*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) _可选_ **.** [*枚举的 case 名*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#enum_case_name) [*元组模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#tuple_pattern) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 可选模式语法
>
> *可选模式* → [*识别符模式*](TODO) **?**
<!-- -->
> 类型转换模式语法
>
> *类型转换模式（type-casting-pattern）* → [*is 模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#is_pattern) | [*as 模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#as_pattern)
> *is 模式* → **is** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *as 模式* → [*模式*](../chapter3/07_Patterns.html#pattern) **as** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 表达式模式语法
>
> *表达式模式* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
<a name="attributes"></a>
## 属性
> 属性语法
>
> *属性* → **@** [*属性名*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attribute_name) [*属性参数从句*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attribute_argument_clause) _可选_
> *属性名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *属性参数从句* → **(** [*平衡令牌集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可选_ **)**
> *属性（Attributes）集* → [*属性*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attribute) [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_
> *平衡令牌集* → [*平衡令牌*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_token) [*平衡令牌集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可选_
> *平衡令牌* → **(** [*平衡令牌集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可选_ **)**
> *平衡令牌* → **[** [*平衡令牌集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可选_ **]**
> *平衡令牌* → **{** [*平衡令牌集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#balanced_tokens) _可选_ **}**
> *平衡令牌* → **任意标识符、关键字、字面量或运算符**
> *平衡令牌* → **任意标点除了(、)、[、]、{ 或 }**
<a name="expressions"></a>
## 表达式
> 表达式语法
>
> *表达式* → [*try-operator*](TODO) _可选_ [*前置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression) [*二元表达式集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#binary_expressions) _可选_
> *表达式集* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **,** [*表达式集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_list)
<!-- -->
> 前置表达式语法
>
> *前置表达式* → [*前置运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#prefix_operator) _可选_ [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression)
> *前置表达式* → [*写入写出（in-out）表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#in_out_expression)
> *写入写出（in-out）表达式* → **&** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> try 表达式语法
>
> *try-operator* → **try** | **try !**
<!-- -->
> 二元表达式语法
>
> *二元表达式* → [*二元运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_operator) [*前置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表达式* → [*赋值运算符*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#assignment_operator) [*try 运算符*](TODO) _可选_ [*前置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表达式* → [*条件运算符*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#conditional_operator) [*try 运算符*](TODO) _可选_ [*前置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#prefix_expression)
> *二元表达式* → [*类型转换运算符*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#type_casting_operator)
> *二元表达式集* → [*二元表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#binary_expression) [*二元表达式集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#binary_expressions) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 赋值运算符语法
>
> *赋值运算符* → **=**
<!-- -->
> 三元条件运算符语法
>
> *三元条件运算符* → **?** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **:**
<!-- -->
> 类型转换运算符语法
>
> *类型转换运算符* → **is** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *类型转换运算符* → **as** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *类型转换运算符* → **as ?** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *类型转换运算符* → **as !** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 主表达式语法
>
> *主表达式* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可选_
> *主表达式* → [*字面量表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#literal_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*self 表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#self_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*超类表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#superclass_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*闭包表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#closure_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*圆括号表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*隐式成员表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#implicit_member_expression)
> *主表达式* → [*通配符表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#wildcard_expression)
<!-- -->
> 字面量表达式语法
>
> *字面量表达式* → [*字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#literal)
> *字面量表达式* → [*数组字面量*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#array_literal) | [*字典字面量*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal)
> *字面量表达式* → **&#95;&#95;FILE&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;LINE&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;COLUMN&#95;&#95;** | **&#95;&#95;FUNCTION&#95;&#95;**
> *数组字面量* → **[** [*数组字面量项集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#array_literal_items) _可选_ **]**
> *数组字面量项集* → [*数组字面量项*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#array_literal_item) **,** _可选_ | [*数组字面量项*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#array_literal_item) **,** [*数组字面量项集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#array_literal_items)
> *数组字面量项* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
> *字典字面量* → **[** [*字典字面量项集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_items) **]** | **[** **:** **]**
> *字典字面量项集* → [*字典字面量项*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_item) **,** _可选_ | [*字典字面量项*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_item) **,** [*字典字面量项集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dictionary_literal_items)
> *字典字面量项* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **:** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> Self 表达式语法
>
> *self 表达式* → **self**
> *self 表达式* → **self** **.** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *self 表达式* → **self** **[** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *self 表达式* → **self** **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 超类表达式语法
>
> *超类表达式* → [*超类方法表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#superclass_method_expression) | [*超类下标表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#超类下标表达式) | [*超类构造器表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#superclass_initializer_expression)
> *超类方法表达式* → **super** **.** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
> *超类下标表达式* → **super** **[** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *超类构造器表达式* → **super** **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 闭包表达式语法
>
> *闭包表达式* → **{** [*闭包签名（Signational）*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#closure_signature) _可选_ [*多条语句（Statements）*](../chapter3/10_Statements.html#statements) **}**
> *闭包签名（Signational）* → [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_ **in**
> *闭包签名（Signational）* → [*标识符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list) [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_ **in**
> *闭包签名（Signational）* → [*捕获（Capature）集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#capture_list) [*参数从句*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#parameter_clause) [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_ **in**
> *闭包签名（Signational）* → [*捕获（Capature）集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#capture_list) [*标识符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list) [*函数结果*](../chapter3/05_Declarations.html#function_result) _可选_ **in**
> *闭包签名（Signational）* → [*捕获（Capature）集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#capture_list) **in**
> *捕获（Capature）集* → **[** [*捕获（Capature）说明符*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#capture_specifier) [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **]**
> *捕获（Capature）说明符* → **weak** | **unowned** | **unowned(safe)** | **unowned(unsafe)**
<!-- -->
> 隐式成员表达式语法
>
> *隐式成员表达式* → **.** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 圆括号表达式（Parenthesized Expression）语法
>
> *圆括号表达式* → **(** [*表达式元素集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_element_list) _可选_ **)**
> *表达式元素集* → [*表达式元素*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_element) | [*表达式元素*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_element) **,** [*表达式元素集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_element_list)
> *表达式元素* → [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) | [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **:** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression)
<!-- -->
> 通配符表达式语法
>
> *通配符表达式* → **_**
<!-- -->
> 后置表达式语法
>
> *后置表达式* → [*主表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#primary_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*后置运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#postfix_operator)
> *后置表达式* → [*函数调用表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#function_call_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*构造器表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#initializer_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*显示成员表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#explicit_member_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*后置 self 表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_self_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*动态类型表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#dynamic_type_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*下标表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#subscript_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*强制取值（Forced Value）表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#forced_value_expression)
> *后置表达式* → [*可选链（Optional Chaining）表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#optional_chaining_expression)
<!-- -->
> 函数调用表达式语法
>
> *函数调用表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*圆括号表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression)
> *函数调用表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) [*圆括号表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#parenthesized_expression) _可选_ [*后置闭包（Trailing Closure）*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#trailing_closure)
> *后置闭包（Trailing Closure）* → [*闭包表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#closure_expression)
<!-- -->
> 构造器表达式语法
>
> *构造器表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **init**
<!-- -->
> 显式成员表达式语法
>
> *显示成员表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** [*十进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit)
> *显示成员表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 后置 Self 表达式语法
>
> *后置 self 表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **self**
<!-- -->
> 动态类型表达式语法
>
> *动态类型表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **.** **dynamicType**
<!-- -->
> 附属脚本表达式语法
>
> *附属脚本表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **[** [*表达式集*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression_list) **]**
<!-- -->
> 强制取值（Forced Value）语法
>
> *强制取值（Forced Value）表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **!**
<!-- -->
> 可选链表达式语法
>
> *可选链表达式* → [*后置表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#postfix_expression) **?**
<a name="lexical_structure"></a>
## 词法结构
> 标识符语法
>
> *标识符* → [*标识符头（Head）*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head) [*标识符字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可选_
> *标识符* → [*标识符头（Head）*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head) [*标识符字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可选_
> *标识符* → [*隐式参数名*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#implicit_parameter_name)
> *标识符集* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) | [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier) **,** [*标识符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_list)
> *标识符头（Head）* → Upper- or lowercase letter A through Z
> *标识符头（Head）* → _
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+00A8, U+00AA, U+00AD, U+00AF, U+00B2–U+00B5, or U+00B7–U+00BA
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+00BC–U+00BE, U+00C0–U+00D6, U+00D8–U+00F6, or U+00F8–U+00FF
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+0100–U+02FF, U+0370–U+167F, U+1681–U+180D, or U+180F–U+1DBF
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+1E00–U+1FFF
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+200B–U+200D, U+202A–U+202E, U+203F–U+2040, U+2054, or U+2060–U+206F
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+2070–U+20CF, U+2100–U+218F, U+2460–U+24FF, or U+2776–U+2793
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+2C00–U+2DFF or U+2E80–U+2FFF
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+3004–U+3007, U+3021–U+302F, U+3031–U+303F, or U+3040–U+D7FF
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+F900–U+FD3D, U+FD40–U+FDCF, U+FDF0–U+FE1F, or U+FE30–U+FE44
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+FE47–U+FFFD
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+10000–U+1FFFD, U+20000–U+2FFFD, U+30000–U+3FFFD, or U+40000–U+4FFFD
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+50000–U+5FFFD, U+60000–U+6FFFD, U+70000–U+7FFFD, or U+80000–U+8FFFD
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+90000–U+9FFFD, U+A0000–U+AFFFD, U+B0000–U+BFFFD, or U+C0000–U+CFFFD
> *标识符头（Head）* → U+D0000–U+DFFFD or U+E0000–U+EFFFD
> *标识符字符* → 数值 0 到 9
> *标识符字符* → U+0300–U+036F, U+1DC0–U+1DFF, U+20D0–U+20FF, or U+FE20–U+FE2F
> *标识符字符* → [*标识符头（Head）*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_head)
> *标识符字符集* → [*标识符字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_character) [*标识符字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier_characters) _可选_
> *隐式参数名* → **$** [*十进制数字集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digits)
<!-- -->
> 字面量语法
>
> *字面量* → [*数值型字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#integer_literal) | [*字符串字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_literal) | [*布尔字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#string_literal) | [*空字面量*](TODO)
> *数值型字面量* → **-** _可选_ [*整形字面量*](TODO) | **-** _可选_ [*浮点型字面量*](TODO)
> *布尔字面量* → **true** | **false**
> *空字面量* → **nil**
<!-- -->
> 整型字面量语法
>
> *整型字面量* → [*二进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*八进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*十进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *整型字面量* → [*十六进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal)
> *二进制字面量* → **0b** [*二进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_digit) [*二进制字面量字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_characters) _可选_
> *二进制数字* → 数值 0 到 1
> *二进制字面量字符* → [*二进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_digit) | **_**
> *二进制字面量字符集* → [*二进制字面量字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_character) [*二进制字面量字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#binary_literal_characters) _可选_
> *八进制字面量* → **0o** [*八进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_digit) [*八进制字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_characters) _可选_
> *八进字数字* → 数值 0 到 7
> *八进制字符* → [*八进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_digit) | **_**
> *八进制字符集* → [*八进制字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_character) [*八进制字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#octal_literal_characters) _可选_
> *十进制字面量* → [*十进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) [*十进制字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_characters) _可选_
> *十进制数字* → 数值 0 到 9
> *十进制数字集* → [*十进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) [*十进制数字集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digits) _可选_
> *十进制字面量字符* → [*十进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_digit) | **_**
> *十进制字面量字符集* → [*十进制字面量字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_character) [*十进制字面量字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal_characters) _可选_
> *十六进制字面量* → **0x** [*十六进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) [*十六进制字面量字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_characters) _可选_
> *十六进制数字* → 数值 0 到 9, a through f, or A through F
> *十六进制字符* → [*十六进制数字*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_digit) | **_**
> *十六进制字面量字符集* → [*十六进制字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_character) [*十六进制字面量字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal_characters) _可选_
<!-- -->
> 浮点型字面量语法
>
> *浮点数字面量* → [*十进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal) [*十进制分数*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_fraction) _可选_ [*十进制指数*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_exponent) _可选_
> *浮点数字面量* → [*十六进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal) [*十六进制分数*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_fraction) _可选_ [*十六进制指数*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_exponent)
> *十进制分数* → **.** [*十进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *十进制指数* → [*浮点数 e*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_e) [*正负号*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#sign) _可选_ [*十进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#decimal_literal)
> *十六进制分数* → **.** [*十六进制数*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal)
[*十六进制字面量字符集*](TODO)_可选_
> *十六进制指数* → [*浮点数 p*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#floating_point_p) [*正负号*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#sign) _可选_ [*十六进制字面量*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#hexadecimal_literal)
> *浮点数 e* → **e** | **E**
> *浮点数 p* → **p** | **P**
> *正负号* → **+** | **-**
<!-- -->
> 字符串型字面量语法
>
> *字符串字面量* → **"** [*引用文本*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text) **"**
> *引用文本* → [*引用文本条目*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text_item) [*引用文本*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#quoted_text) _可选_
> *引用文本条目* → [*转义字符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#escaped_character)
> *引用文本条目* → **(** [*表达式*](../chapter3/04_Expressions.html#expression) **)**
> *引用文本条目* → 除了"­, \­, U+000A, or U+000D 的所有 Unicode 的字符
> *转义字符* → **/0** | **\\** | **\t** | **\n** | **\r** | **\"** | **\'**
> *转义字符* → **\u** **{** [*十六进制标量数字集*](TODO) **}**
> *unicode 标量数字集* → Between one and eight hexadecimal digits
<!-- -->
> 运算符语法语法
>
> *运算符* → [*运算符头*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator_character) [*运算符字符集*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator) _可选_
> *运算符* → [*点运算符头*](TODO) [*点运算符字符集*](TODO) _可选_
> *运算符字符* → **/** | **=** | **-** | **+** | **!** | **&#42;** | **%** | **<** | **>** | **&** | **|** | **^** | **~** | **?**
> *运算符头* → U+00A1–U+00A7
> *运算符头* → U+00A9 or U+00AB
> *运算符头* → U+00AC or U+00AE
> *运算符头* → U+00B0–U+00B1, U+00B6, U+00BB, U+00BF, U+00D7, or U+00F7
> *运算符头* → U+2016–U+2017 or U+2020–U+2027
> *运算符头* → U+2030–U+203E
> *运算符头* → U+2041–U+2053
> *运算符头* → U+2055–U+205E
> *运算符头* → U+2190–U+23FF
> *运算符头* → U+2500–U+2775
> *运算符头* → U+2794–U+2BFF
> *运算符头* → U+2E00–U+2E7F
> *运算符头* → U+3001–U+3003
> *运算符头* → U+3008–U+3030
> *运算符字符* → [*运算符头*](TODO)
> *运算符字符* → U+0300–U+036F
> *运算符字符* → U+1DC0–U+1DFF
> *运算符字符* → U+20D0–U+20FF
> *运算符字符* → U+FE00–U+FE0F
> *运算符字符* → U+FE20–U+FE2F
> *运算符字符* → U+E0100–U+E01EF
> *运算符字符集* → [*运算符字符*](TODO) [*运算符字符集*](TODO)_可选_
> *点运算符头* → **..**
> *点运算符字符* → **.** | [*运算符字符*](TODO)
> *点运算符字符集* → [*点运算符字符*](TODO) [*点运算符字符集*](TODO) _可选_
> *二元运算符* → [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *前置运算符* → [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
> *后置运算符* → [*运算符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#operator)
<a name="types"></a>
## 类型
> 类型语法
>
> *类型* → [*数组类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#array_type) | [*字典类型*](TODO) | [*函数类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#function_type) | [*类型标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) | [*元组类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type) | [*可选类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#optional_type) | [*隐式解析可选类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#implicitly_unwrapped_optional_type) | [*协议合成类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_composition_type) | [*元型类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#metatype_type)
<!-- -->
> 类型注解语法
>
> *类型注解* → **:** [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
<!-- -->
> 类型标识语法
>
> *类型标识* → [*类型名称*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可选_ | [*类型名称*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_name) [*泛型参数从句*](GenericParametersAndArguments.html#generic_argument_clause) _可选_ **.** [*类型标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier)
> *类型名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 元组类型语法
>
> *元组类型* → **(** [*元组类型主体*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type_body) _可选_ **)**
> *元组类型主体* → [*元组类型的元素集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type_element_list) **...** _可选_
> *元组类型的元素集* → [*元组类型的元素*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type_element) | [*元组类型的元素*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type_element) **,** [*元组类型的元素集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#tuple_type_element_list)
> *元组类型的元素* → [*属性（Attributes）集*](../chapter3/06_Attributes.html#attributes) _可选_ **inout** _可选_ [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) | **inout** _可选_ [*元素名*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#element_name) [*类型注解*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_annotation)
> *元素名* → [*标识符*](../chapter3/02_Lexical_Structure.html#identifier)
<!-- -->
> 函数类型语法
>
> *函数类型* → [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) **throws** _可选_ **->** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type)
> *函数类型* → [*类型*](TODO) **rethrows** **->** [*类型*](TODO)
<!-- -->
> 数组类型语法
>
> *数组类型* → **[** [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#array_type) **]**
<!-- -->
> 字典类型语法
>
> *字典类型* → **[** [*类型 **:** 类型*](TODO) **]**
<!-- -->
> 可选类型语法
>
> *可选类型* → [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) **?**
<!-- -->
> 隐式解析可选类型（Implicitly Unwrapped Optional Type）语法
>
> *隐式解析可选类型* → [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) **!**
<!-- -->
> 协议合成类型语法
>
> *协议合成类型* → **protocol** **<** [*协议标识符集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_identifier_list) _可选_ **>**
> *协议标识符集* → [*协议标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_identifier) | [*协议标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_identifier) **,** [*协议标识符集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#protocol_identifier_list)
> *协议标识符* → [*类型标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier)
<!-- -->
> 元（Metatype）类型语法
>
> *元类型* → [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) **.** **Type** | [*类型*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type) **.** **Protocol**
<!-- -->
> 类型继承从句语法
>
> *类型继承从句* → **:** [*类条件（class-requirement）)*](TODO) **,** [*类型继承集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_list)
> *类型继承从句* → **:** [*类条件（class-requirement）)*](TODO)
> *类型继承从句* → **:** [*类型继承集*](TODO)
> *类型继承集* → [*类型标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) | [*类型标识符*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_identifier) **,** [*类型继承集*](../chapter3/03_Types.html#type_inheritance_list)
> *类条件* → **class**
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